HMS Rawalpindi

HMS Rawalpindi was a British armed merchant cruiser (a converted ocean liner employed as a convoy escort, as a patrol vessel, or to enforce a blockade) that was sunk in a surface action against the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau during the first months of the Second World War. Her captain was Edward Kennedy.

Scale model of HMS Rawalpindi
History
United Kingdom
Name	Rawalpindi
Namesake	The city of Rawalpindi (British India)
Owner	Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company
Port of registry	Greenock
Route	London–Bombay
Builder	Harland and Wolff, Greenock
Yard number	660[1]
Laid down	1923
Launched	26 March 1925
Completed	3 September 1925[1]
Homeport	London
Fate	Requisitioned by Admiralty, 24 August 1939
United Kingdom
Name	HMS Rawalpindi
Acquired	24 August 1939
Commissioned	19 September 1939
Out of service	23 November 1939
Fate	Sunk by German battleships, 23 November 1939
General characteristics
Type	Armed merchant cruiser
Tonnage	16,697 GRT
Length	548 ft (167 m)
Beam	69 ft (21 m)
Draught	29 ft 6 in (8.99 m)
Propulsion	2 × quadruple-expansion steam engines
Speed	15 kn (28 km/h)
Complement	276
Armament	8 × 6 in (150 mm) Mk VII guns, 2 × QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft guns
Notes	sister ships: Ranpura, Ranchi, Rajputana

Service history

Merchant service

The ship started life as the 16,697 GRT Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) ocean liner Rawalpindi, built by Harland and Wolff. She was launched on 26 March 1925 by Lady Birkenhead, the wife of F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead, and joined the P&O fleet in September of the same year. She was named after the city of Rawalpindi, a British garrison town in what is now Pakistan. She had berths for 307 First Class and 288 Second Class passengers, and was employed on the London to Bombay service.^[2]

Naval service

The Admiralty requisitioned Rawalpindi on 26 August 1939 and had her converted into an armed merchant cruiser by the addition of eight elderly 6 in (150 mm) guns and two 3 in (76 mm) guns. She was set to work from October 1939 in the Northern Patrol covering the area around Iceland. On 19 October in the Denmark Strait, Rawalpindi intercepted the German tanker Gonzenheim (4,574 grt), which had left Buenos Aires on 14 September. The tanker was scuttled by her crew before a boarding party could get on board.^[3][4]

Sinking

While patrolling north of the Faroe Islands on 23 November 1939, she was detected at 16:07 by the German battleship Scharnhorst who was assigned together with her sister ship Gneisenau to attack the Northern Patrol. The German ship closed in on Rawalpindi and half an hour later signalled several times 'Stop! What ship?'. Rawalpindi answered with the signal 'F-A-M', altered course and started to lay smoke.^[5]

Despite being hopelessly outgunned, 60-year-old Captain Edward Kennedy RN of Rawalpindi decided to fight. He was heard to say "We'll fight them both, they'll sink us, and that will be that. Good-bye".

At 17:03 Scharnhorst opened fire at a distance of 7.5 kilometers. and Rawalpindi immediately returned fire. Three minutes later Rawalpindi was hit and started to burn fiercely. Rawalpindi managed to score one hit on the aft deck of Scharnhorst, which caused minor splinter damage. At 17:11 Gneisenau joined the fight and opened fire, but five minutes later the German commander ordered to cease fire as Rawalpindi signals 'Please send boats'. Both German ships started to pick up survivors but at 19:15 German lookouts spotted another ship in the darkness and gave alarm. The German ships retreated northwards as the British cruiser Newcastle arrived on the scene. During the battle Rawalpindi managed to broadcast two signals to the British admiralty. The first signal mentioned she had sighted a battlecruiser, the second mentioned she was attacked by the heavy cruiser Deutschland.^[6][7][8]

238 men died on Rawalpindi, including Captain Kennedy. Thirty-seven men were rescued by the German ships,^[9] a further 11 were picked up by HMS Chitral (another converted passenger ship). Captain Kennedy—the father of naval officer, broadcaster and author Ludovic Kennedy—was posthumously Mentioned in Dispatches.^[10] Crew members on Scharnhorst and Gneisenau were eligible for the High Seas Fleet Badge for participating in the sinking of Rawalpindi.

Sister ships

Rawalpindi was one of the P&O "R"-class liners from 1925 that had had much of their interiors designed by Lord Inchcape's daughter Elsie Mackay.^[11] Her sister ships Ranchi, Ranpura and Rajputana were also converted into armed merchant cruisers. Rajputana was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-108 in the Denmark Strait on 13 April 1941.

Notes

1. McCluskie, p. 133.
2. "Rawalpindi". Scottish Built Ships. Caledonian Maritime Research Trust.
3. Kindell, Don. "Phoney War, World War 2 at Sea,  October 1939". naval-history.net. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
4. Rohwer, p. 6.
5. Bekker, p. 37.
6. Bekker, pp. 37–40.
7. Rohwer, p. 9.
8. Bredemeier, pp. 30–34.
9. "BBC - WW2 People's War - My Night to Remember- the Sinking of the HMS Rawalpindi".
10. "No. 34893". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 July 1940. p. 4261.
11. "P & O Line Ships (and technical data) from 1920–1930". Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2008.

References

• Bekker, Cajus (1971). Verdammte See (in German). Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. ISBN 3-548-03057-2.
• Bredemeier, Heinrich (1997). Schlachtschiff Scharnhorst (in German) (5th ed.). Hamburg: Koehler. ISBN 3-7822-0592-8.
• McCluskie, Tom (2013). The Rise and Fall of Harland and Wolff. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752488615.
• Rohwer, J. (2005). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-119-8.

Further reading

• Osborne, Richard; Spong, Harry & Grover, Tom (2007). Armed Merchant Cruisers 1878–1945. Windsor: World Warship Society. ISBN 978-0-9543310-8-5.

External links

• "SS Rawalpindi". Clydebuilt Ships Database. Archived from the original on 7 September 2004.
• Cashmore, Stephen; Bews, David. "Against all odds – HMS Rawalpindi". Highland Archives.
• Gregory, Mackenzie J. "Allied Armed Merchant Cruisers of WW2". Ahoy – Mac's Web Log.
• "Scharnhorst – The History". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2006.
• "Jervis Bay". – The role of HMS Jervis Bay in the fate of Rawalpindi

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