Gunaikurnai language

The Gunaikurnai or Gunai/Kurnai (/ˈɡʌnaɪkɜːrnaɪ/ GUN-eye-kur-nye) language, also spelt Gunnai, Kurnai, Ganai, Gaanay, or Kurnay /ˈkɜːrnaɪ/ KUR-nye) is an Australian Aboriginal dialect cluster of the Gunaikurnai people in Gippsland in south-east Victoria. Bidawal was either a divergent dialect or a closely related language.^[3]

Gunaikurnai
Gaanay
Kannai, muk-thang
Region	Gippsland, Victoria, Australia
Ethnicity	Gunaikurnai (Brabiralung, Braiakaulung, Bratauolung, Krauatungalung, Tatungalung), Bidawal
Native speakers	4 (2016 census)[1]
Language family	Pama–Nyungan Gippsland Gunaikurnai
Dialects	Muk-thang Nulit Thangquai Bidawal[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: unn – Kurnai ihw – Bidawal
Glottolog	gana1279
AIATSIS[3]	S68 Gunnai (cover term), S49 Bidawal
ELP	Kurnai
Sketch map of Gippsland - showing approximately the positions of the clans of the Kurnai tribe.

Varieties

Gunai means 'man'. The language had no traditional name, but each of its dialects was referred to separately.

In a 1996 report to the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages, Clark refers to five Gunaikurnai dialects: Brabralung, Braiakalung, Brataualung, Krauatungalung and Tatungalung.^[4]

• Brabralung (Bra = man, lung = belonging to) located in central Gippsland.
• Braiakalung (Bra = Man, ak = west, lung = belonging to) located around Sale through to the mountains.
• Brataualung (men belonging to this place which have fire; Bra = men, Taua or towera = fire, lung = belonging to) located in South Gippsland.
• Krauatungalung (Kraut = east, lung = belonging to) located eastwards to the Snowy River.
• Tatungalung (tat = sea, lung = belonging to) located in the coast area between Lake King and Lake Wellington.^[5]

Gunaikurnai dialects have been confused with Muk-thang/Bidawal; there appear to be two distinct languages here, but it is not clear which variety belongs to which, as they both share the name Muk-thang.^[3][6]

Revival

Since the early 1990s, the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages (VACL) organisation, established the Yirruk-Tinnor Gunnai/Kŭrnai language program which focused on reviving and reclaiming the Gunnai language of Gippsland. Doris Paton, Coordinator of the Program and Lynnette Solomon-Dent, Language worker and consultant are involved in the program. They have been responsible for developing a number of resource materials to support and educate further knowledge of the Gunnai language and Culture. Lynnette Solomon-Dent co-wrote with Christina Eira the VACL Linguist, the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (VCAA) Aboriginal Languages, cultures and reclamation in Victorian schools: standards P-10 and protocols and were involved in the VCE Revival and Reclamation Study. These teaching documents and resources are collectively used to educate school aged children P-10, VCE, higher learning institutions and the Aboriginal community members, to further their knowledge and allow community members to continue to educate future generations.^[7]

Gunaikurnai was featured in a stage performance for the first known time in 2021, when Veronica Gorrie's play "Nullung" ("paternal grandmother") was presented as a play reading by the Melbourne Theatre Company.^[8]

Phonology

Like other Victorian languages, Gunaikurnai allowed initial ⟨l⟩ in its words. However, it also allowed initial ⟨rr⟩, and well as the clusters ⟨gr⟩ (⟨kr⟩) and ⟨br⟩ (⟨pr⟩). This is quite unusual for an Australian language, and the same pattern was found in the Tasmanian languages across Bass Strait.^{[original research?]}

Consonants

Consonants^[9][10]

	Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar
Plosive	p/b	t̪/d̪	t/d	ʈ/ɖ	c/ɟ	k/ɡ
Nasal	m	n̪	n	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Rhotic			r
Lateral			l
Approximant	w			ɻ	j

Hercus (1969), states that plosives are conditionally voiced.^[11] Fesl also excludes /n̪/ in her thesis but notes that its absence may be due to a lack of data.^[12]

Vowels

Vowels^[13]

	Front	Central	Back
High	i		u
Mid	e		o
Low		a

/e/ and /o/ are said to occur less than /a/, /i/, and /u/.^[14]

Possible placenames

A number of placenames in Gunaikurnai country feature the ending -munjie, meaning "place".

Placename	Origin
Boolarra	Thought to mean "plenty".[15]
Briagolong	From the name of the Braiakulung clan.
Buchan	From Bukkan-munjie, meaning "place of the bag".
Croajingolong National Park	From the name of the Krauatungulung clan.
Moe	From the term Mouay meaning "swamp", in reference to the large swamp present before being drained by early European settlers.
Moondarra	"Thunder"
Morwell	Allegedly the anglicised form of the Gunaikurnai words more willie meaning "woolly possum".[16] However, other sources debate this, as the Gunaikurnai word for possum was wadthan, as opposed to wille or wollert in Kulin languages further west.[17]
Traralgon	Origin uncertain. It is popularly believed to be derived from words tarra meaning "river" and algon meaning "little fish". However, these words are not reflected in modern linguists' knowledge of the Gunaikurnai language, where, for example, the word for river is wun wun or wurn wurn.[18] Variations of tarla and gany have been recorded meaning "little" and "fish" respectively.[19]
Wy Yung	Some sources give spoonbill,[20] others a type of duck.[21]
Yallourn	Possibly from a term for "brown fire".[22]
Yarram	Possibly from a term Yarraam Yarraam meaning "plenty of water".
Yinnar	Thought to be from the word for "woman".[23]

Notes

1. "Census 2016, Language spoken at home by Sex (SA2+)". stat.data.abs.gov.au. ABS. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
2. Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.
3. S68 Gunnai (cover term) at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
4. Clark, Ian D. (14 July 1996). Aboriginal Language Areas In Victoria (PDF) (Report). Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
5. Dent, Lynnette (1993). Koorie Studies: Koorie and Non-Korrie teaching and learning together. Victoria: The Centre for Language & Learning. p. 17.
6. S68 Muk-Thang at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
7. "Welcome to VACL". Retrieved 15 May 2011.
8. Davis, Rio; Irving-Guthrie, Amber (23 May 2021). "Ancient Gunaikurnai language makes stage debut as nullung's story is revealed". ABC News. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
9. Gardner 1996, pp. 9–10.
10. Fesl 1985, pp. 80–88.
11. Fesl 1985, pp. 82–83, citing Hercus, Luise A. (1969). Languages of Victoria: A Late. Survey, Parts I and II. Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies. OCLC 206967.
12. Fesl 1985, p. 82.
13. Fesl 1985, pp. 88–92.
14. Fesl 1985, p. 92.
15. "Boolarra town history". Archived from the original on 2 March 2019.
16. "The Name of Morwell". Gippsland Times. 9 December 1940. p. 8. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
17. Clark, Ian D. "Dissonance surrounding the Aboriginal origin of a selection of placenames in Victoria, Australia: Lessons in lexical ambiguity". In Clark, Ian D.; Hercus, Luise; Kostanski, Laura (eds.). Indigenous and Minority Placenames of Victoria. ISBN 9781925021639.
18. Gardner, P. D. (1992). Names of East Gippsland; their origins, meanings and history. Ensay: Ngaruk Press.^{[page needed]}
19. Fesl 1985, pp. 159–312.
20. "Profile areas Wy Yung, Lucknow, East Bairnsdale".^{[failed verification]}
21. "Wy Yung". Victorian Places. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023.
22. "Yallourn". Victorian Places. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023.
23. Curr, Edward Mickelethwaite (1886). The Australian Race: its origin, languages, customs, place of landing in Australia and the routes by which it spread itself over the continent. Vol. III. Melbourne: John Ferres. p. 320.

References

• Butcher, Andrew (August 2008). "Linguistic aspects of Australian Aboriginal English". Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics. 22 (8): 625–642. doi:10.1080/02699200802223535. PMID 18770096. S2CID 32763088.
• Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47378-0.
• Fesl, Eve (1985). Ganai : a study of the Aboriginal languages of Gippsland based on 19th century materials (MA thesis). Monash University. doi:10.26180/5ed82f583074f.
• Gardner, P. D. (1996). The language of the Kurnai tribes of Gippsland. Notes on grammar and pronunciation by R. H. Mathews. Ensay: Ngarak Press. ISBN 9781875254194. OCLC 36657847.
• Mathews, R. H. (October–December 1907). "Language of the Birdhawal tribe, in Gippsland, Victoria". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society: 346–359.
• "Projects". Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 15 May 2011.