Greibach normal form

In formal language theory, a context-free grammar is in Greibach normal form (GNF) if the right-hand sides of all production rules start with a terminal symbol, optionally followed by some variables. A non-strict form allows one exception to this format restriction for allowing the empty word (epsilon, ε) to be a member of the described language. The normal form was established by Sheila Greibach and it bears her name.

More precisely, a context-free grammar is in Greibach normal form, if all production rules are of the form:

${\displaystyle A\to aA_{1}A_{2}\cdots A_{n}}$

where ${\displaystyle A}$ is a nonterminal symbol, ${\displaystyle a}$ is a terminal symbol, and ${\displaystyle A_{1}A_{2}\ldots A_{n}}$ is a (possibly empty) sequence of nonterminal symbols.

Observe that the grammar does not have left recursions.

Every context-free grammar can be transformed into an equivalent grammar in Greibach normal form.^[1] Various constructions exist. Some do not permit the second form of rule and cannot transform context-free grammars that can generate the empty word. For one such construction the size of the constructed grammar is O(n⁴) in the general case and O(n³) if no derivation of the original grammar consists of a single nonterminal symbol, where n is the size of the original grammar.^[2] This conversion can be used to prove that every context-free language can be accepted by a real-time (non-deterministic) pushdown automaton, i.e., the automaton reads a letter from its input every step.

Given a grammar in GNF and a derivable string in the grammar with length n, any top-down parser will halt at depth n.

See also

• Backus–Naur form
• Chomsky normal form
• Kuroda normal form

References

1. Greibach, Sheila (January 1965). "A New Normal-Form Theorem for Context-Free Phrase Structure Grammars". Journal of the ACM. 12 (1): 42–52. doi:10.1145/321250.321254. S2CID 12991430.
2. Blum, Norbert; Koch, Robert (1999). "Greibach Normal Form Transformation Revisited". Information and Computation. 150 (1): 112–118. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.47.460. doi:10.1006/inco.1998.2772. S2CID 10302796.

• Alexander Meduna (6 December 2012). Automata and Languages: Theory and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4471-0501-5.
• György E. Révész (17 March 2015). Introduction to Formal Languages. Courier Corporation. ISBN 978-0-486-16937-8.