Scallion

"Green onion" redirects here. For other uses, see Green onion (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Scallop or Shallot.

Scallions (also known as green onions and spring onions) are edible vegetables of various species in the genus Allium. Scallions generally have a milder taste than most onions. Their close relatives include garlic, shallots, leeks, chives,^[1] and Chinese onions.^[2] The leaves are eaten both raw and cooked.

Scallion

A bundle of "red scallions"
Alternative names	green onions, spring onions

Scallions produce hollow, tubular, green leaves that grow directly from the bulb, which does not fully develop. This is different to other Allium species where bulbs fully develop, such as commercially available onions and garlic. With scallions, the leaves are what is typically chopped into various dishes and used as garnishes.^[3]

Etymology and names

The names scallion and shallot are derived from the Old French eschalotte, by way of eschaloigne, from the Latin Ascalōnia caepa or Ascalonian onion, a namesake of the ancient city of Ascalon.^[4][5][6]

Other names used throughout the world include spring onion, green onion, table onion, salad onion, onion stick, long onion, baby onion, precious onion, wild onion, yard onion, gibbon, syboe (Scots), and shallot.^{[citation needed]}

Varieties

A germinating scallion, 10 days old

A close-up view of spring onions (note the larger bulbs)

Species and cultivars that may be used as scallions include

• A. cepa
  • 'White Lisbon'
  • 'White Lisbon Winter Hardy' – an extra-hardy variety for overwintering
  • Calçot
  • A. cepa var. cepa – Most of the cultivars grown in the West as scallions belong to this variety.^[7] The scallions from A. cepa var. cepa (common onion) are usually from a young plant, harvested before a bulb forms or sometimes soon after slight bulbing has occurred.
  • A. cepa var. aggregatum (formerly A. ascalonicum) – commonly called shallots or sometimes eschalot.
• A. chinense
• A. fistulosum, the Welsh onion – does not form bulbs even when mature, and is grown in the West almost exclusively as a scallion or salad onion. ^[8]
• A. × proliferum – sometimes used as scallions^[9]

Germination

Scallions generally take 7–14 days to germinate depending on the variety.^[10]

Uses

Culinary

Chopped scallions

A Korean haemulpajeon (seafood and scallion pancake)

Scallions may be cooked or used raw, often as a part of salads, salsas, or as a garnish. Scallion oil is sometimes made from the green leaves, after they are chopped, lightly cooked, and emulsified in a vegetable oil.

In Catalan cuisine, calçot is a type of onion traditionally eaten in a calçotada (plural: calçotades). An eponymous gastronomic event is traditionally held between the end of winter and early spring, where calçots are grilled, dipped in salvitxada or romesco sauce, and consumed in massive quantities.^[11][12]

Japanese ramen topped with sliced negi

Irish champ, served with gravy

In Ireland, scallions are chopped and added to mashed potatoes, known as champ or as an added ingredient to Colcannon.

In Mexico and the Southwest United States, cebollitas (transl. little onions) are scallions that are sprinkled with salt, grilled whole, and eaten with lime juice, cheese and rice. They are typically served as a traditional accompaniment to asado dishes.^[13][14] At the Passover meal (Seder), Afghan Jews and Persian Jews strike one another with scallions before singing "Dayenu", thus re-enacting the whipping endured by the Hebrews enslaved by the ancient Egyptians.^{[15] [16]}

In Asian cuisine, diced scallions are often used in soup, noodle, and seafood dishes, sandwiches, curries, and as part of a stir fry. The bottom half-centimetre of the root is commonly removed before use.

In China, scallion is commonly used together with ginger and garlic to cook a wide variety of vegetables and meat. This combination is often called the "holy trinity" of Chinese cooking,^[17][18] much like the mirepoix (celery, onions, and carrots) in French cuisine or the holy trinity in Cajun cuisine. The white part of scallion is usually fried with other ingredients while the green part is usually chopped to decorate finished food.

In India, it is sometimes eaten raw as an appetizer. In north India, coriander, mint and onion chutney are made using uncooked scallions. It is also used as a vegetable with Chapatis and Rotis. In south India, spring onions stir fried with coconut and shallots (known as Vengaya Thazhai Poriyal in Tamil and Ulli Thandu Upperi in Malayalam) are served as a side dish with rice.

In Japan, tree onions (wakegi) are used mostly as topping of Japanese cuisine such as tofu.

In Nepal, scallion is used in different meat dish fillings like momo and choyla (meat intertwined with scallion and spices).

In the southern Philippines, it is ground in a mortar along with ginger and chili pepper to make a native condiment called wet palapa, which can be used to spice dishes or as a topping for fried or sun-dried food. It can also be used to make the dry version of palapa, when it is stir fried with fresh coconut shavings and wet palapa.

In Vietnam, Welsh onion is important to prepare dưa hành (fermented onions) which is served for Tết, the Vietnamese New Year. A kind of sauce, mỡ hành (Welsh onion fried in oil), is used in dishes such as cơm tấm, bánh ít and cà tím nướng. Welsh onion is the main ingredient in the dish cháo hành, which is a rice porridge used to treat the common cold.

Onions, spring or scallions (includes tops and bulb), raw (Daily Value)

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy	133.88 kJ (32.00 kcal)
Carbohydrates	7.34 g
Sugars	2.33 g
Dietary fiber	2.6 g
Fat	0.19 g
Protein	1.83 g
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Vitamin A equiv. beta-Carotene 6% 50 μg 6% 598 μg Thiamine (B1) 5% 0.055 mg Riboflavin (B2) 6% 0.08 mg Niacin (B3) 3% 0.525 mg Pantothenic acid (B5) 2% 0.075 mg Vitamin B6 4% 0.061 mg Folate (B9) 16% 64 μg Choline 1% 5.7 mg Vitamin C 21% 18.8 mg Vitamin E 4% 0.55 mg Vitamin K 173% 207 μg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 6% 72 mg Iron 8% 1.48 mg Magnesium 5% 20 mg Phosphorus 3% 37 mg Potassium 9% 276 mg Selenium 1% 0.6 μg Sodium 1% 16 mg Zinc 4% 0.39 mg
Other constituents	Quantity
Water	89.8 g
Link to USDA Database entry values are for edible portion
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[19] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[20]

See also

• Allium tricoccum
• Chives
• Leek
• Onion
• Shallot

References

1. Block, E. (2010). Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 978-0-85404-190-9.
2. "AllergyNet—Allergy Advisor Find". Allallergy.net. Archived from the original on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
3. Rombauer, Irma; Rombauer-Becker, Marion; Becker, Ethan (2006). "Know Your Ingredients" (hardcover). Joy of Cooking. New York City: Scribner. p. 1004. ISBN 978-0-7432-4626-2.
4. "scallion", at Balashon - Hebrew Language Detective, 5 July 2006. Accessed 28 Feb 2024.
5. "shallot". New Oxford American Dictionary (Second ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005.
6. shallot. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
7. Fritsch, R.M.; N. Friesen (2002). "Chapter 1: Evolution, Domestication, and Taxonomy". In H.D. Rabinowitch and L. Currah (ed.). Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 0-85199-510-1.
8. Fritsch, R.M.; N. Friesen (2002). "Chapter 1: Evolution, Domestication, and Taxonomy". In H.D. Rabinowitch and L. Currah (ed.). Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances. Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 0-85199-510-1.
9. Brewster, James L. (1994). Onions and Other Vegetable Alliums (1st ed.). Wallingford, UK: CAB International. p. 15. ISBN 0-85198-753-2.
10. "Learn About Scallions - Burpee". www.burpee.com. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
11. "Els "Calçots"". Archived from the original on 10 March 2010.
12. Grilled Green Onions with Romesco, last retrieved 2012–09–01.
13. Cebollitas, last retrieved 2012–09–01.
14. At the Nation's Table: Chicagoat New York Times Archives, last retrieved 2012–09–01.
15. "An Iranian Seder in Beverly Hills". The New York Times.
16. "Celebrating Passover through varied Customs around the Globe". Jewish Community Federation.
17. "Lecture Recap: Cooking Asian Produce with Dan Wu". 30 May 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
18. "YEN CAN COOK ~ SPRING ONION GINGER OIL 万用葱油". 28 October 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
19. United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
20. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.