Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include:[3]
- *telt > tlet: pleć, mleć, plewy
- * tórt’ > trot: krowa
- *ľ̥ > l̥ except *Pľ̥T́PK (after labials, before palatals/labials, and velars)
- *Pľ̥T́PK > PilT́PK: wilk, milczeć or > łu after dentals: słup, długi, or oł after cz, ż, sz: mołwa, czółno, żółty, or eł after labials: chełm, chełpić się, wełna, pełny
- *ŕ̥T > ‘ar: twardy, tarł, ziarno
- voicing of coda stops and sibilants if the next word begins with a vowel or liquid
- sporadic retention of bilabial v (v > w) słoje, prało, especially initially: łosk, łojna, łoda, reinforced by the labialization of initial o
- -j- before palatals: niejsiejcie (niesiecie), ciojcia, na pojle, nojgi, tajkie
- ḷ > ł > u̯: u̯ep, u̯za, pu̯uk
- depalatalization of word final palatal labials
- softening of n, t, d after i, y: drab́ińa, žyᶦ̯t́o, žyᶦ̯d́ek
- phonemization of ḱ, ǵ from retaining them when they occursed before *y, ъ̥, e as well as denasalization of ę (kę/gę > ke/ge)
- Tendency for assimilation and simplification:
- velarization of n before k (phonemic?)
- -ść, -śń > -ś: zleś, gryź, pleś, maś (maść)
- weakening loss of -ł- at the end of an inlaut (śródgłos): gᵘ̭ova
- strz, zdrz, trz, drz > szcz, żdż, cz, dż
- rs, r-z > rz skarzyć się, dzierzawa, marznie, gospodarztwo, stolarzki
- kk, szsz > k, sz leḱi, bliszy
- the prepositions and prefixes w(-), z(-) > we, ze, especially if before a similar a syllable starting with a phoneme of a similar place of articulation
- śrz, źrz > śr, źr or > śtrz, źdrz
- traces of *jь > je, jeskra, jegliwie
- placement of stress on the penultimate syllable
- Preference for pochylone o, kłůtka
- ir > er (serce, śmierć, piersi) or ér
- Raising of y closer to i or diphthongization
- i > y after sz, ż, cz, dż, c, dz, rz (which later diphthongized like y above)
- diphthongization of u > uᵘ̭, ůᵘ̭, or ȯᵘ̭, and further > ů, ȯ, or ö
- Fronting, flattening, and narrowing of á
- before tautosyllabic j in the imperative: czekej
- in some names? see Old Polish
- Diphtongization of á> áu̯, ou̯, ȯu̯, áᵘ̭, ȯᵘ̭: tráu̯va, prȯu̯vda
- é > y after hard and soft consonant: brzyg. Kujawy/Sieradz changed é > y after hard consonants, but > i after soft
- e > o, á before tautosyllabic u̯ (ł): páu̯ne, ḱáu̯basa, kȯᵘ̭ḱou̯ka
- diphthongization of o > u̯o (not just initially)
- as a result of o > u̯o, u̯o > u̯oe̯ > ᵘ̭oe̯, ᵘ̭o̭e
- diphthongization of ȯ > u̯ȯ or even u̯ȯy̯, ᵘ̯ȯʸ̯, ȯy̯, ᵘ̯ᵒ̇y̯ᵉ (e is above y̯), ᵘ̯ᵒ̯y̯ᵉ, and sometimes u̯y, uy̯ (and ultimately?) > u
- Old Polish ą̆ (in a short syllable) > y̨ or į after a soft consonant in the east, along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and sometimes total nasal loss before sibilants
- Old Polish ą̄ (in a long syllable) > ų along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and sometimes total nasal loss before sibilants
- -iszcze > -isko
- spread of the suffixes -aty, -ity
- use of od(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to ot(-))
- Loss of mobile e in the endings -ek, -ec in some names
- Spread of -yszek
- use of z(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to s(-))
- Replacement of old locative plural -’ex > -ach (which was originally feminine)
- Replacement of genitive singular ending for feminine nouns ending in a consonant -’e with -’i (z ziemi)
- Levelling of the nominative and accusative singular neuter endings -ē and -ĕ by spreading -é, polé
- Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa, dwa okna, and in the north further replacement of the feminine dwie with dwa
- Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń-, vyᶦ̯ńde, zańde, přeńde
- Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę
- Spread of hard labial in l-forms of melę/pelę via contamination of ḿel-, ṕel, and the l-forms mełł-, pełl-
- spread of the first person plural verb ending -my (over -m) under influence of the pronoun my, or in the north of -ma via contamination of -my with -va
- Spread of -ma in the first person plural imperative verb form via contamination with -m(y) and -va, nieśma, nieźma
- constructions such as nosił(a) jeśḿ > nosiłeśḿ > nosiłem (after m), and potential voicing of the stem, zaniůzem, zaniůs
- the first person plural past ending -im (nieślim, from nieśli (je)smъ) sometimes softened via analogy with -(je)ś, -(je)ście as well as flattening with the pronoun my, resulting in nieśliśmy, in some subdialects replace with -śma, -źma with contamination of nieśli(je)śḿ and niosła(je)sva. In the north forms such as nieślimy were formed as a result of phonetic reduction of the old aorist nieślichmy.
- Rise of masculine personal nouns.
