Good's buffers
Buffering agents for biochemical and biological research From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Buffering agents for biochemical and biological research From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Good's buffers (also Good buffers) are twenty buffering agents for biochemical and biological research selected and described by Norman Good and colleagues during 1966–1980.[1][2][3] Most of the buffers were new zwitterionic compounds prepared and tested by Good and coworkers for the first time, though some (MES, ADA, BES, Bicine) were known compounds previously overlooked by biologists. Before Good's work, few hydrogen ion buffers between pH 6 and 8 had been accessible to biologists, and very inappropriate, toxic, reactive and inefficient buffers had often been used. Many Good's buffers became and remain crucial tools in modern biological laboratories.
Good sought to identify buffering compounds which met several criteria likely to be of value in biological research.
The following table presents pKa values at 20 °C. Values change by about 0.01 per degree of temperature.[1][3] Good's original 1966 paper had two older buffers (marked with italics) for comparison. In 1972 Good published a second list with three more buffers, and five more were added in 1980.
Buffer | pKa | Useful pH Range | Date added |
---|---|---|---|
MES | 6.15 | 5.5–6.7 | 1966 |
ADA | 6.62 | 6.0–7.2 | 1966 |
PIPES | 6.82 | 6.1–7.5 | 1966 |
ACES | 6.88 | 6.1–7.5 | 1966 |
MOPSO | 6.95 | 6.2–7.6 | 1980 |
Cholamine chloride | 7.10 | 1966 | |
MOPS | 7.15 | 6.5–7.9 | 1972 |
BES | 7.17 | 6.4–7.8 | 1966 |
TES | 7.50 | 6.8–8.2 | 1966 |
HEPES | 7.55 | 6.8–8.2 | 1966 |
DIPSO | 7.60 | 7.0–8.2 | 1980 |
TAPSO | 7.60 | 7.0–8.2 | 1980 |
Acetamidoglycine [fr] | 7.70 | 1966 | |
POPSO [fr] | 7.85 | 1980 | |
HEPPSO [fr] | 7.90 | 1980 | |
HEPPS | 8.10 | 7.6–8.6 | 1972 |
Tricine | 8.15 | 7.4–8.8 | 1966 |
Tris | 8.20 | 7.0–9.0 | 1966 |
Glycinamide | 8.20 | 1966 | |
Glycylglycine | 8.20 | 7.5–8.9 | 1966 |
Bicine | 8.35 | 7.6–9.0 | 1966 |
TAPS | 8.55 | 7.7–9.1 | 1972 |
All buffering agents achieve their function because they contain an acidic group (acetate, phosphate, sulphonate ..) or a basic group (amino, pyridyl ..). A consequence of this is that they can form complexes with the biologically important ions Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ and can compete for the metal ion contained in a metalloprotein. In fact, Good stated that "it may be that the quest for universal biological inertness is futile."
Piperazine-containing buffers (PIPES, HEPES, POPSO and EPPS) can form radicals and should be avoided in studies of redox processes in biochemistry.[4][5]
Tricine is photo-oxidised by flavins, and therefore reduces the activity of flavone enzymes at daylight. Free acids of ADA, POPSO and PIPES are poorly soluble in water, but they are very soluble as monosodium salts. ADA absorbs UV light below 260 nm, and ACES absorbs it at 230 nm and below.
Over the years, pKas and other thermodynamic values of many Good's buffers have been thoroughly investigated and re-evaluated.[6] In general, Norman Good and his co-workers attracted attention of the scientific community to the possibility and benefits of using zwitterionic buffers in biological research. Since then, other zwitterionic compounds, including AMPSO, CABS, CHES, CAPS and CAPSO, were investigated for use in a biological context.
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