Giuseppe Bottai

Giuseppe Bottai (3 September 1895 – 9 January 1959) was an Italian journalist and member of the National Fascist Party of Benito Mussolini.

Giuseppe Bottai
Giuseppe Bottai as Minister of Education, 1937
Minister of National Education
In office 15 November 1936 – 5 February 1943
Prime Minister	Benito Mussolini
Preceded by	Cesare Maria De Vecchi
Succeeded by	Carlo Alberto Biggini
Governor of Addis Ababa
In office 5 May 1936 – 27 May 1936
Monarch	Victor Emmanuel III
Preceded by	Office established
Succeeded by	Alfredo Siniscalchi
Governor of Rome
In office 23 January 1935 – 15 November 1936
Preceded by	F. Boncompagni Ludovisi
Succeeded by	Piero Colonna
Minister of Corporations
In office 12 September 1929 – 20 July 1932
Prime Minister	Benito Mussolini
Preceded by	Alessandro Martelli
Succeeded by	Benito Mussolini
Member of the Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
In office 23 March 1939 – 5 August 1943
Appointed by	Benito Mussolini
Member of the Chamber of Deputies
In office 11 June 1921 – 2 March 1939
Constituency	Lazio
Personal details
Born	(1895-09-03)3 September 1895 Rome, Italy
Died	9 January 1959(1959-01-09) (aged 63) Rome, Italy
Political party	FIC (1919–1921) PNF (1921–1943)
Height	1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
Alma mater	Sapienza University of Rome
Profession	Journalist, soldier
Military service
Allegiance	Kingdom of Italy  Free France
Branch/service	Royal Italian Army French Foreign Legion
Years of service	1915–1917; 1935–1936; 1943–1948
Rank	Sergeant Brigadier Major Privateer
Unit	1st Cavalry Regiment (France)
Battles/wars	First World War Second Italo-Ethiopian War Second World War

Early life

Born in Rome, Bottai was son of Luigi Bottai, a wine dealer with republican sympathies, and Elena Cortesia. He graduated at Liceo Torquato Tasso and attended the Sapienza University of Rome until the 1915, when Italy declared war to the Central Powers. The same year, he left his studies to enlist himself in the Italian Royal Army. Wounded in battle, he obtained a Medal of Military Valor after World War I.^[1]

In 1919, Bottai met Benito Mussolini during a Futurist meeting,^[2] and contributed to establish the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Italian Fasces of Combat). In 1921, Bottai ended his studies at law faculty and became a freemason, member of the Gran Loggia d'Italia.^[3] At the same time, he also started a journalist career in the Il Popolo d'Italia, the newspaper of the recently founded National Fascist Party. During the March on Rome, Bottai was along with Ulisse Igliori and Gino Calza-Bini the head of the Roman squadrismo, supporting the Blackshirts' political violence.

Political career

Bottai serving in the French Foreign Legion

After the 1921 Italian general election, Bottai was elected in the Chamber of Deputies for the National Blocs. In 1923, he became leader of the intransigent national syndicalist and revolutionary faction of fascism. To support his ideas, Bottai founded Critica fascista (Fascist Critic), a cultural periodical, co-operating with other left-leaning fascists like Filippo De Pisis, Renato Guttuso, and Mario Mafai.^[4] Starting in 1930, he contributed to the political and finance magazine Lo Stato.^[5]

Bottai worked to the Ministry of Corporations, introducing the Labour Charter and planning a Corporative Academic Pole in Pisa, from 1926 to 1932, when he was excluded by Mussolini from the Ministry.^[6] In 1933, Bottai established and chaired the National Institute of the Social Security (Italian: Istituto nazionale della previdenza sociale, INPS). He was appointed governor of Rome (1935–1936) but resigned to fight in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War with the rank of major. On 5 May 1936, Bottai and Pietro Badoglio entered in Addis Abeba, and Bottai was appointed as vice governor. After the war, Bottai returned in Rome to be Education Minister. During his ministry, Bottai proclaimed a law (the Bottai Law) on safeguarding public and cultural heritage and the preservation of natural beauties.^[7] He also co-worked with art critics Giulio Carlo Argan and Cesare Brandi to improve the Italian cultural life.

In the late 1930s, Bottai became more radical and a Germanophile. In 1938, he expressed support to racial laws against Italian Jews, and in 1940 founded Primato (Primacy), a magazine that supported the Aryan race's supremacy and interventionism in the war.^[8][9] Bottai thought that the "Fascist Revolution" was incomplete and that what was needed was a return to the original and more "pure" fascism.

World War II

The Italian intervention in World War II resulted in disaster. The Campaign on the Eastern Front caused the death or the injury of approximately 77,000 soldiers, with more than 39,000 injured. Bottai voted for Mussolini's arrest, which had been proposed by Dino Grandi, on 25 July 1943 after Italy's defeat had become evident. In 1944, the Italian Social Republic condemned Bottai to death, during the Verona trial, but Bottai hid in a Roman convent.^[10] In 1944, Bottai enlisted in the French Foreign Legion with the pseudonym Andrea Battaglia. He fought in Provence during Operation Dragoon and then in the Western Allied invasion of Germany.

Later life

After the war, Bottai remained in France and continued to serve in the Foreign Legion until 1948, when he was discharged. For his role in the final stages of World War II, he got an amnesty for his role in fascism. Returning in Italy in 1953, Bottai founded the periodical ABC (not to be confused with the magazine with the same name) and Il Popolo di Roma, which was financed by ex-fascist Vittorio Cini, who supported centrist and conservative views. Bottai died in Rome in 1959. At his funeral was Aldo Moro who, like Moro's father, had been Bottai's friend and assistant during his career.^[11]

Bibliography

• Trade organisation in Italy under the act and regulations on collective relations in connection with employment
• Economia fascista (1930)
• Grundprinzipien des korporativen Aufbaus in Italien (1933)
• Esperienza corporativa (1929–1935) (1935)
• Corporazioni (1935)
• Scritti giuridici in onore di Santi Romano ... (1940)
• Funzione di Roma nella vita culturale e scientifica della nazione (1940)
• Pagine di critica fascista (1915–1926) (1941, edited by F. M. Pacces)
• Romanità e germanesimo: letture tenute per il Lyceum di Firenze (1941, edited by Jolanda de Blasi)
• Von der römischen zur faschistischen Korporation (1942)
• Köpfe des risorgimento (1943)
• Contributi all'elaborazione delle scienze corporative (1939-XVIII—1942-XX) (1943)
• Vent 'anni e un giorno, 24 luglio 1943 (1949). Republished as Vent'anni e un giorno (24 luglio 1943) (1977).
• Legione è il mio nome (1950). Republished as Legione è il mio nome: il coraggioso epilogo di un gerarca del fascismo (I memoriali) (1999, edited by Marcello Staglieno)
• Scritti (1965, edited by Roberto Bartolozzi and Riccardo Del Giudice)
• Diario, 1935–1944 (1982, edited by Giordano Bruno Guerri)
• Carteggio 1940–1957, correspondence between Bottai and Don Giuseppe De Luca; edited by Renzo De Felice and Renato Moro (1989)
• La politica delle arti: Scritti, 1918–1943 (1992, edited by Alessandro Masi).
• Quaderni giovanili: 1915–1920 (Atti testimonianze convegni) (1996).

Notes

1. Sabino Cassese (1971). Bottai, Giuseppe – Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani. Treccani.
2. Maddalena, Carli (2010). "Un movimento artistico crea un partito politico : il futurismo italiano tra avanguardismo e normalizzazione". Memoria e ricerca.
3. Michele Terzaghi (1950). Fascismo e massoneria. Arnaldo Forni Editore. p. 171.
4. Berto Ricci (1984). Lo Scrittore Italiano (in Italian). Ciarrapico.
5. Francesca Dal Degan; Fabrizio Simon (2019). ""Generalist" Journals between Dissemination of Economics and Regime Propaganda". In Massimo M. Augello; Marco E.L. Guidi; Fabrizio Bientinesi (eds.). An Institutional History of Italian Economics in the Interwar Period — Volume I. Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought. Vol. 1. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 146–147. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32980-8_6. ISBN 978-3-030-32980-8. S2CID 213105744.
6. Paolo Passaniti (2007). Storia del diritto del lavoro (in Italian). FrancoAngeli. pp. 573–574.
7. Vittorio Emiliani (2011). Tutela del paesaggio ed Unità nazionale (in Italian). Alinea Editrice.
8. Emiliana P. Noether (December 1971). "Italian Intellectuals under Fascism". The Journal of Modern History. 43 (4): 645. JSTOR 1881234.
9. Roberto Finzi (2008). La cultura italiana e le leggi antiebraiche del 1938 (in Italian). Carocci. p. 915.
10. Enzo Forcella (1999). La resistenza in convento. Einaudi.
11. Aldo Moro (2009). Lettere dalla prigionia. Einaudi.

References

• Incontro con Bottai by Mario Carli and Bruno D'Agostini (1938)
• Giuseppe Bottai, un fascista critico : ideologia e azione del gerarca che avrebbe voluto portare l'intelligenza nel fascismo e il fascismo alla liberalizzazione by Giordano Bruno Guerri (1976 – Republished as Giuseppe Bottai, fascista, 1996).
• Bottai : il fascismo come rivoluzione del capitale (1978, edited by Anna Panicali)
• Scuola e la pedagogia del fascismo by Maria Bellucci and Michele Ciliberto (1978).
• Giuseppe Bottai e la riforma fascista della scuola by Rino Gentili. (1979)
• Bottai tra capitale e lavoro by Amleto Di Marcantonio (1980)
• Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890 by Philip Rees (1990)

External links

• Newspaper clippings about Giuseppe Bottai in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW