Gilan province

"Gilan" redirects here. For other uses, see Gilan (disambiguation).

Gilan province (Persian: استان گیلان)^{[lower-alpha 1]} is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, in the northwest of the country. Its capital is the city of Rasht.^[12] The province lies along the Caspian Sea, in Iran's Region 3, west of the province of Mazandaran, east of the province of Ardabil, and north of the provinces of Zanjan and Qazvin.^[13] It borders Azerbaijan (Astara District) in the north.

Gilan Province Persian: استان گیلان Gilaki: گیلان ٚ اۊستان
Province
Rudkhan Castle
Location of Gilan province within Iran
Coordinates: 37°26′N 49°33′E[1]
Country	Iran
Region	Region 3
Capital	Rasht
Counties	17
Government
• Governor-general	Asadollah Abbasi
• Representative of the Supreme Leader	Rasool Falahati
Area
• Total	14,042 km2 (5,422 sq mi)
Population  (2016)[2]
• Total	2,530,696
• Density	180/km2 (470/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+03:30 (IRST)
Area code	013
ISO 3166 code	IR-01
Main language(s)	Gilaki Talyshi
HDI (2017)	0.805[3] very high · 11th
Others(s)	Persian[4] Azeri[5][6][7][8][9][10]
Website	www.gilan.ir

The northern section of the province is part of the territory of South (Iranian) Talysh. At the center of the province is Rasht. Other cities include Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Astara, Fuman, Hashtpar, Lahijan, Langarud, Masuleh, Manjil, Rudbar, Rudsar, Shaft, Siahkal, and Sowme'eh Sara. The main port is Bandar-e Anzali, formerly known as Bandar-e Pahlavi.

History

Main article: History of Gilan

Paleolithic

Early humans were present at Gilan since Lower Paleolithic. Darband Cave is the earliest known human habitation site in Gilan province; it is located in a deep tributary canyon of the Siah Varud and contains evidence for the earliest prehistoric human cave occupation during the Lower Paleolithic in Iran.

Stone artifacts and animal fossils were discovered by a group of Iranian archaeologists that dates back to the late Chibanian.^[14] Yarshalman is a Middle Paleolithic shelter that was probably occupied by Neanderthals about 40,000 to 70,000 years ago.^[14] Later Paleolithic sites in Gilan are Chapalak Cave^[15] and Khalvasht shelter.^[16]

Early history

See also: Caspians and Gelae (Scythian tribe)

It seems that the Gelae, or Gilites, entered the region south of the Caspian coast and west of the Amardos River (now called the Sefid-Rud) in the second or first century BCE, Pliny identifies them with the Cadusii who were living there previously. It is more likely that they were a separate people, had come from the region of Dagestan, and taken the place of the Kadusii. That the native inhabitants of Gilan have some originating roots in the Caucasus is supported by genetics and language, as the Y-DNA of Gilaks most closely resemble that of Georgians and other South Caucasus peoples, while their mtDNA closely resembles other Iranian groups.^[17] Their languages shares typologic features with the languages of the Caucasus.^[18]

Medieval history

Gilan province was the place of origin of the Ziyarid dynasty and Buyid dynasty in the mid-10th century. Previously, the people of the province had a prominent position during the Sassanid dynasty through the 7th century, so that their political power extended to Mesopotamia.

The first recorded encounter between Gilak and Deylamite warlords and invading Muslim armies was at the Battle of Jalula in 637 AD. Deylamite commander Muta led an army of Gils, Deylamites, Persians and people of the Rey region. Muta was killed in the battle, and his defeated army managed to retreat in an orderly manner.

However, this appears to have been a Pyrrhic victory for the Arabs, since they did not pursue their opponents. Muslim Arabs never managed to conquer Gilan as they did with other provinces in Iran. Gilanis and Deylamites successfully repulsed all Arab attempts to occupy their land or to convert them to Islam.

In fact, it was the Deylamites under the Buyid king Mu'izz al-Dawla who finally shifted the balance of power by conquering Baghdad in 945. Mu'izz al-Dawla, however, allowed the Abbasid caliphs to remain in comfortable, secluded captivity in their palaces.^[19]

The Church of the East began evangelizing Gilan in the 780s, when a metropolitan bishopric was established under Shubhalishoʿ.^[20] In the 9th and 10th centuries AD, Deylamites and later Gilanis gradually converted to Zaydi Shiʿism.

Several Deylamite commanders and soldiers of fortune who were active in the military theaters of Iran and Mesopotamia were openly Zoroastrian (for example, Asfar Shiruyeh a warlord in central Iran, and Makan, son of Kaki, the warlord of Rey) or were suspected of harboring pro-Zoroastrian (for example Mardavij) sentiments. Muslim chronicles of Varangian (Rus', pre-Russian Norsemen) invasions of the littoral Caspian region in the 9th century record Deylamites as non-Muslim. These chronicles also show that the Deylamites were the only warriors in the Caspian region who could fight the fearsome Varangian Vikings as equals. Deylamite mercenaries served as far away as Egypt, al-Andalus, and in the Khazar Kingdom.

The Buyids established the most successful of the Deylamite dynasties of Iran.

Iran forests, Gilan

Beaker, 1100–1000 BC, Marlik

In the 9th–11th century AD, there were repeated military raids undertaken by the Rus' between 864 and 1041 on the Caspian Sea shores of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan as part of the Caspian expeditions of the Rus'.^[21] Initially, the Rus' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route, selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century. The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged the westernmost parts of Gorgan as well as Gilan and Mazandaran, taking slaves and goods.

The Turkish invasions of the 10th and 11th centuries CE, which saw the rise of Ghaznavid and Seljuk dynasties, put an end to Deylamite states in Iran. From the 11th century CE to the rise of Safavids, Gilan was ruled by local rulers who paid tribute to the dominant power south of the Alborz range but ruled independently.

In 1307 the Ilkhan Öljeitü conquered the region.^[22] This was the first time the region came under the rule of the Mongols after the Ilkhanid Mongols and their Georgian allies failed to do it in the late 1270s.^[23] After 1336, the region seemed to be independent again.

Before the introduction of silk production (date unknown but a pillar of the economy by the 15th century AD), Gilan was a poor province. There were no permanent trade routes linking Gilan to Persia. There was a small trade in smoked fish and wood products. It seems that the city of Qazvin was initially a fortress-town against marauding bands of Deylamites, another sign that the economy of the province did not produce enough on its own to support its population. This changed with the introduction of the silk worm in the late Middle Ages.

Early modern and modern history

Gilan recognized twice, for brief periods, the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire without rendering tribute to the Sublime Porte, in 1534 and 1591.^[24]

The Safavid emperor, Shah Abbas I ended the rule of Khan Ahmad Khan (the last semi-independent ruler of Gilan) and annexed the province directly to his empire. From this point onward, rulers of Gilan were appointed by the Persian Shah. In the Safavid era, Gilan was settled by large numbers of Georgians, Circassians, Armenians, and other peoples of the Caucasus whose descendants still live or linger across Gilan. Most of these Georgians and Circassians are assimilated into the mainstream Gilaks. The history of Georgian settlement is described by Iskandar Beg Munshi, the author of the 17th century Tarikh-e Alam-Ara-ye Abbasi, and the Circassian settlements by Pietro Della Valle, among other authors.^[25]

The Safavid empire became weak towards the end of the 17th century CE. By the early 18th century, the once-mighty empire was in the grips of civil war and uprisings. The ambitious Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great) sent a force that captured Gilan and many of the Iranian territories in the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, as well as other territories in northern mainland Iran, through the Russo-Persian War (1722-1723) and the resulting Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723).^[26] Gilan and its capital of Rasht, which was conquered between late 1722 and late March 1723, stayed in Russian possession for about ten years.^[27]

Qajars established a central government in Persia (Iran) in the late 18th century CE. They lost a series of wars to Russia (Russo-Persian Wars 1804–1813 and 1826–28), resulting in an enormous gain of influence by the Russian Empire in the Caspian region, which would last up to 1946. The Gilanian cities of Rasht and Anzali were all but occupied and settled by Russians and Russian forces. Most major cities in the region had Russian schools and significant traces of Russian culture can be found today in Rasht. Russian class was mandatory in schools and the significant increase of Russian influence in the region lasted until 1946 and had a major impact on Iranian history, as it directly led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution.

Gilan was a major producer of silk beginning in the 15th century CE. As a result, it was one of the wealthiest provinces in Iran. Safavid annexation in the 16th century was at least partially motivated by this revenue stream. The silk trade, though not the production, was a monopoly of the Crown and the single most important source of trade revenue for the imperial treasury. As early as the 16th century and until the mid 19th century, Gilan was the major exporter of silk in Asia. The Shah farmed out this trade to Greek and Armenian merchants and, in return, received a handsome portion of the proceeds.

In the mid-19th century, a fatal epidemic among the silk worms paralyzed Gilan's economy, causing widespread economic distress. Gilan's budding industrialists and merchants were increasingly dissatisfied with the weak and ineffective rule of the Qajars. Re-orientation of Gilan's agriculture and industry from silk to production of rice and the introduction of tea plantations were a partial answer to the decline of silk in the province.

After World War I, Gilan came to be ruled independently of the central government of Tehran and concern arose that the province might permanently separate. Before the war, Gilanis had played an important role in the Constitutional Revolution of Iran. Sepahdar-e Tonekaboni (Rashti) was a prominent figure in the early years of the revolution and was instrumental in defeating Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar.

In the late 1910s, many Gilanis gathered under the leadership of Mirza Kuchik Khan, who became the most prominent revolutionary leader in northern Iran in this period. Khan's movement, known as the Jangal movement of Gilan, had sent an armed brigade to Tehran that helped depose the Qajar ruler Mohammad Ali Shah. However, the revolution did not progress the way the constitutionalists had strived for, and Iran came to face much internal unrest and foreign intervention, particularly from the British and Russian empires.

During and several years after the Bolshevik Revolution, the region saw another massive influx of Russian settlers (the so-called White émigrées). Many of the descendants of these refugees are in the region. During the same period, Anzali served as the main trading port between Iran and Europe.

The Jangalis are glorified in Iranian history and effectively secured Gilan and Mazandaran against foreign invasions. However, in 1920 British forces invaded Bandar-e Anzali, while being pursued by the Bolsheviks. In the midst of this conflict, the Jangalis entered into an alliance with the Bolsheviks against the British. This culminated in the establishment of the Persian Socialist Soviet Republic (commonly known as the Socialist Republic of Gilan), which lasted from June 1920 until September 1921.

In February 1921 the Soviets withdrew their support for the Jangali government of Gilan and signed the Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921) with the central government of Tehran. The Jangalis continued to struggle against the central government until their final defeat in September 1921 when control of Gilan returned to Tehran.

Demographics

Language

See also: Gilaki language and Talysh language

Masouleh

The languages of Gilan Province are strung like jewels around the south-western shores of the Caspian Sea. Together with language communities from diverse branches of Iranic, Turkic is also found here.

Gilaki, the largest heritage language of the province, belongs to the Caspian branch of the Iranic family. With the city of Rasht at its heart, the Gilaki language area covers Gilan’s wide, fertile coastal plain. Along the eastern coast, Gilaki transitions into the Central Caspian varieties more typical of Mazandaran Province. Rudbar and Galesh varieties of Gilaki reach southward into the forested valleys of the Alborz Mountains and up to its high meadows.

Talyshi, classified within the Tatic branch of Northwestern Iranic languages, is the second-largest heritage language community in Gilan. It is spoken along the inland periphery of the coastal plain and in the mountain valleys to the south-west, continuing northward through both coast and mountains to the national border and beyond. Although Talyshi shares a long land border with Gilaki, there is a clear linguistic break between the two.

Turkic-speaking communities are concentrated in north end of the province. The main Turkic language area has its origins in fishing communities that have established themselves along the northern coast over past centuries. Their language has diffused inland, where it is now intermingled with Talyshi. Other scattered Turkic-speaking areas are found near major passes to Ardebil Province, and in the far south. Most, but not all, Turkic varieties in the province fall under the umbrella of Azerbaijani (Azeri) of which several distinct varieties are represented.

Linguistic diversity in Gilan is highest in Rudbar District in the south, where the province extends over the crest of the Alborz Mountains onto dry interior slopes. All of Gilan’s language groups are represented there: along with Gilaki, Talyshi, and Turkic, communities of Tati, Rudbari, Deylami, Northern Kurdish, Laki and Lori speakers are dispersed across the area.

All heritage languages of Gilan are being displaced by Persian, and most are no longer spoken by the younger generation.

Heritage language data as of 2022:^[28]

Gilan linguistic composition language percent Gilaki   65.03% Talysh   19.71% Turkic   13.38% Kurdish   1.16% Luri   0.32% Other   0.4%

Mother tongue data as of 2022:^[28]

Gilan linguistic composition language percent Persian   59.79% Gilaki   25.72% Talysh   8.08% Turkic   5.82% Kurdish   0.45% Luri   0.1%

Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 2,381,063 people in 669,221 households.^[29] The following census in 2011 counted 2,480,874 in 777,316 households.^[30] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 2,530,696 people in 851,382 households.^[2]

Administrative divisions

The population history and structural changes of Gilan province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

Gilan Province

Counties	2006[29]	2011[30]	2016[2]
Amlash	46,108	44,261	43,225
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh	107,801	105,526	108,130
Astara	79,416	86,757	91,257
Bandar-e Anzali	130,851	138,004	139,016
Fuman	96,788	93,737	92,310
Khomam[lower-alpha 2]	—	—	—
Lahijan	161,491	168,829	167,544
Langarud	133,133	137,272	140,686
Masal	47,648	52,496	52,649
Rasht	847,680	918,445	956,971
Rezvanshahr	64,193	66,909	69,865
Rudbar	101,884	100,943	94,720
Ruddsar	144,576	144,366	147,399
Shaft	63,375	58,543	54,226
Siahkal	46,991	47,096	46,975
Sowme'eh Sara	129,629	127,757	125,074
Talesh	179,499	189,933	200,649
Total	2,381,063	2,480,874	2,530,696

Cities

According to the 2016 census, 1,598,765 people (over 63% of the population of Gilan province) live in the following cities:^[2]

City	Population
Ahmadsargurab	2,128
Amlash	15,444
Asalem	10,720
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh	44,941
Astara	51,579
Bandar-e Anzali	118,564
Barehsar	1,612
Bazar Jomeh	5,729
Chaboksar	8,224
Chaf and Chamkhaleh	8,840
Chubar	5,554
Deylaman	1,729
Fuman	35,841
Gurab Zarmikh	4,840
Hashtpar	54,178
Haviq	4,261
Jirandeh	2,320
Kelachay	12,379
Khomam	20,897
Khoshk-e Bijar	7,245
Kiashahr	14,022
Kuchesfahan	10,026
Kumeleh	6,457
Lahijan	101,073
Langarud	79,445
Lasht-e Nesha	10,539
Lavandevil	11,235
Lisar	3,647
Lowshan	13,032
Luleman	7,426
Maklavan	1,635
Manjilabad	15,630
Marjaghal	6,735
Masal	17,901
Masuleh	393
Otaqvar	1,938
Pareh Sar	8,016
Rahimabad	10,571
Rankuh	2,154
Rasht	679,995
Rezvanshahr	19,519
Rostamabad	13,746
Rudbar	10,504
Rudboneh	3,441
Rudsar	37,998
Sangar	12,583
Shaft	8,184
Shalman	5,102
Siahkal	19,924
Sowme'eh Sara	47,083
Tutkabon	1,510
Vajargah	4,537

Geography and climate

Bandar Anzali shore, with fishermen

Asalem-Khalkhal road

Rice cultivation in Lahijan, Gilan

Gilan has a humid subtropical climate with, by a large margin, the heaviest rainfall in Iran: reaching as high as 1,900 millimetres (75 in) in the southwestern coast and generally around 1,400 millimetres (55 in). Rasht, the capital of the province, is known internationally as the "City of Silver Rains" and in Iran as the "City of Rain".

Rainfall is heaviest between September and December because the onshore winds from the Siberian High are strongest, but it occurs throughout the year though least abundantly from April to August. Humidity is very high because of the marshy character of the coastal plains and can reach 90 percent in summer for wet bulb temperatures of over 26 °C (79 °F). The Alborz range provides further diversity to the land in addition to the Caspian coasts.

The coastline is cooler and attracts large numbers of domestic and international tourists. Large parts of the province are mountainous, green and forested. The coastal plain along the Caspian Sea is similar to that of Mazandaran and mainly used for rice paddies. Due to successive cultivation and selection of rice by farmers, several cultivars including Gerdeh, Hashemi, Hasani, and Gharib have been bred.^[32]

Colleges and universities

• Gilan University of Medical Sciences
• Institute of Higher Education for Academic Jihad of Rasht
• Islamic Azad University of Bandar Anzali
• Islamic Azad University of Astara
• Islamic Azad University of Lahijan
• Islamic Azad University of Talesh
• Islamic Azad University of Rasht
• Payam-e-Noor University – Talesh
• Technical & Vocational Training Organization of Gilan
• University of Guilan

Notable people

See also: List of People from Gilan

• Abdul Qadir Gilani
• Ebrahim Pourdavoud
• Mohammad Ali Mojtahedi Gilani, founder of Sharif University of Technology
• Ardeshir Mohassess, cartoonist
• Mirza Kuchek Khan, founder of Constitutionalist movement of Gilan
• Arsen Minasian
• Hazin Lahiji, poet
• Mohammad Taghi Bahjat Foumani, Twelver Shi'a Marja
• Ataollah Salehi
• Mahmoud Behzad
• Majid Samii, brain surgeon in Germany
• Fazlollah Reza, second head of Sharif University of Technology
• Mohammad Moin, prominent Iranian scholar of Persian literature and Iranology
• Houman Seyyedi
• Mahmoud Namjoo
• Alireza Jahanbakhsh, football player
• Jalal Hosseini, football player
• Hushang Ebtehaj, contemporary poet
• Mardavij, former king of Iran
• Khosrow Golsorkhi, journalist, poet, and communist activist
• Anoushiravan Rohani, pianist and composer
• Shardad Rohani, composer, violinist/pianist, and conductor
• Shahin Najafi, musician, singer, songwriter and political activist

See also

• Aroos-Gooleh
• Biah Pish
• Constitutionalist movement of Gilan
• Fish head
• Gilani people
• Gill (clan)
• Rudkhan Castle
• Soviet Republic of Gilan

Notes

1. Also romanized as Ostān-e Gilān; Gilaki: گیلان‌ ٚ اۊستان, romanized as Gilān-e Ustān^[11]
2. Separated from Rasht County after the 2016 census^[31]

References

1. OpenStreetMap contributors (22 May 2024). "Gilan Province" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 22 May 2024.
2. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
3. "Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
4. Guilan Government Province website Archived 30 June 2011 at archive.today
5. library Great Encyclopedia of Islam – Astara
6. Encyclopædia Iranica:Manjil Archived 17 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine
7. "تالشی و تاتی بازمانده زبان ماد / بخش دوم". Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
8. "شهر رضوانشهر". Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
9. "TalesHan.com". taleshan.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
10. "「2022卡塔尔」世界杯买球赛平台". Archived from the original on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
11. Archived 19 December 2012 at archive.today University of Guilán
12. Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Gilan province centered on the city of Rasht". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
13. "همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)". Hamshahri Online (in Persian). 22 June 2014 [1 Tir 1393, Jalaali]. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014.
14. Biglari, F., V. Jahani 2011 The Pleistocene Human Settlement in Gilan, Southwest Caspian Sea: Recent Research, Eurasian Prehistory 8 (1-2): 3-28
15. Falahian Y. 2006a. Evidence of Neolithic occupation at Chapalak near Nodeh-e Farab, Journal of Gilan Culture, Nos. 25-26, pp. 8-12
16. Biglari, F., and H. Abdi (2003) Discovery of Two Probable Late Paleolithic Sites at Amarlou, The Gilan Province, Caspian Basin, In T. Ohtsu, J.Nokandeh, and K. Yamauchi (eds), Preliminary Report of the Iran-Japan Joint Archaeological Expedition to Gilan, First Season, 2001, pp. 92-96, ICHO, Tehran, and MECC, Tokyo.
17. Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Rahmani, Manijeh; Alemohamad, Seyed Ali; Stoneking, Mark (2006). "Concomitant Replacement of Language and mtDNA in South Caspian Populations of Iran". Current Biology. 16 (7): 668–673. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.021. PMID 16581511. S2CID 7883334.
18. The Tati language group in the sociolinguistic context of Northwestern Iran and Transcaucasia, D. Stilo, pages 137–185
19. http://original.britannica.com/eb/article-22885/Iraq#147477.hook ^{[permanent dead link]}
20. David Wilmshurst (2011), The Martyred Church: A History of the Church of the East, East and West Publishing, p. 166.
21. Logan (1992), p. 201
22. Charles Melville – "The Ilkhan Öljeitü's conquest of Gilan (1307): rumour and reality", in R. Amitai Preiss & D.O. Morgan (eds), The Mongol empire and its legacy, Leiden 1999, pp. 73–125
23. "Armenia during the Seljuk and Mongol Periods, Armenian History, Turkish History, Mongol History, Georgian History, Armeno-Turcica". Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
24. Donald Edgar Pitcher (1968). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive. p. 132. Archived from the original on 28 April 2018.
25. Pietro Della Valle, Viaggi, 3 vols. in 4 parts, Rome, 1658–63; tr. J. Pinkerton as Travels in Persia, London, 1811.
26. William Bayne Fisher, P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, C. Melville. The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7 Cambridge University Press, 10 okt. 1991 ISBN 0521200954 p 321
27. The Caucasus in the System of International Relations: The Turkmanchay Treaty Was Signed 180 Years Ago Научная библиотека КиберЛенинка Archived 29 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine p 142
28. "Language distribution: Gilan Province". 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
29. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
30. "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
31. Jahangiri, Ishaq (11 August 2019). "Letter of approval regarding the changes and reforms of divisions in Gilan province". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
32. Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars". Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 101 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2478/acas-2013-0020.

External links

• Guilan.net
• Association of Guilan Supporters Official website (in Persian only)
• Gilan entry in the Encyclopædia Iranica
• "A first detailed language map of Gilan Province, Iran" (PDF). Hamideh Poshtvan, Carleton University.
• Gilan University of Medical Sciences Health Information Center (in English)
• Gilan Cultural Heritage Organization (An excellent source of info in Persian)
• Masouleh Village Official website (inaccessible to English readers)
• Shapour Bahrami, Masouleh, Iran, Photo Set, flickr.
• Gilan Province Office of Tourism
• Houchang E. Chehabi (ed.). "Regional Studies: Gilan". Bibliographia Iranica. USA: Iranian Studies Group at MIT. Archived from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2017. (Bibliography)
• Gilan Province Department of Education (in Persian) ^{[dead link]}
• Two Gilani folk-songs sung by Shusha Guppy in the 1970s: The Rain, Darling Leila.
• Āhā Bugu (Oh, say it!), a Gilaki folk-song: Video on YouTube (4 min 54 sec).
• Pazuki, Arman & Sohani, Mehdi (2013). "Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars". Acta Agriculturae Slovenica. 101 (2): 239–247. doi:10.2478/acas-2013-0020.
• Hamid-Reza Hosseini, Rural Heritage, in Persian, Jadid Online, 17 November 2008, .
  A shortened version in English with the title Gilan's Rural Geritage Museum, Jadid Online, 22 January 2009: .
  A slide show of Gilan's Rural Heritage Museum with English subtitles, Jadid Online, 22 January 2009: (5 min 41 sec).
• Mohammad-Taqi Pourahmad Jacktaji, Gilan Midsummer Nowruz, in English, Jadid Online, 1 October 2009, (in Persian: ).
  An audio slideshow with English subtitles: (4 min 38 sec).