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Oghuz Turkic dynasty From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids[1][2] (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/ SEL-juuk; Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian,[3] alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks,[4] Seljuk Turkomans[5] or the Saljuqids,[6] was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture[7][8] in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.
| Seljuk dynasty | |
|---|---|
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I | |
| Country | Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum |
| Founded | 10th century – Seljuk |
| Titles | |
| Traditions | Sunni Islam (Maturidi Hanafi) |
| Dissolution | Damascus: 1104 – Baktāsh (Ertaş), dethroned by Toghtekin Great Seljuk: 1308 – Mesud II died |
The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks,[9][10][11][12] who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State[13] in the Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan.[14] During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities.[15] When Seljuk, the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu, the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya. Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam.[15]
In the 11th century, the Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia, in the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of dehqan.[16] At the Battle of Dandanaqan, they defeated a Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51,[17] established the Great Seljuk Empire. The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades.[18][19][20][21][22]
After arriving in Persia, the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government,[23][24][25] and played an important role in the development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers".[26] Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture, art, literature, and language.[18][19][20]
The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for the senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia.
| Titular name(s) | Personal name | Reign | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bey بیگ |
Tughril I طغرل |
1037–1063 | |
| Bey بیگ |
Suleiman[27] سلیمان شاہ |
1063[28] | |
| Sultan سلطان |
Alp Arslan (Arslan I) الپ ارسلان |
1063–1072 | |
| Sultan سلطان Jalāl al-Dawlah جلال الدولہ |
Malik Shah I ملک شاہ یکم |
1072–1092 | |
| Sultan سلطان Nasir al-Duniya wa al-Din ناصر الدنیا والدین |
Mahmud I محمود یکم |
1092–1094 | |
| Sultan سلطان Abul Muzaffar Rukn al-Duniya wa al-Din أبو المظفر رکن الدنیا والدین |
Barkiyaruq برکیارق |
1094–1105 | |
| Sultan سلطان Muizz al-Din معز الدین |
Malik Shah II ملک شاہ دوم |
1104–1105 | |
| Sultan سلطان Ghiyath al-Duniya wa al-Din غیاث الدنیا والدین |
Muhammad I Tapar محمد تاپار |
1105–1118 | |
| Sultan سلطان Muizz al-Din معز الدین |
*Ahmad Sanjar احمد سنجر |
1118–1153 | |
| Khwarazmian dynasty replaces the Seljuk dynasty. From 1157, the Oghuz took control of much of Khurasan, with the remainder in the hands of former Seljuk emirs. | |||
The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad. Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiguzids.
In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah, who annexed Hamadan.
Kerman was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman.
or 1074 (before Sultan Shah)
Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar. Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarezmid Empire in 1196.
To the Artuqids
The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in the early 14th century.
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