Georg Friedrich Creuzer

Georg Friedrich Creuzer (German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈkʁɔʏtsɐ]; 10 March 1771 – 6 February 1858) was a German philologist and archaeologist.

Friedrich Creuzer
Born	10 March 1771 Marburg
Died	6 February 1858(1858-02-06) (aged 86) Heidelberg
Nationality	German
Alma mater	University of Jena
Occupation(s)	Archaeologist and philologist

Life

Medaille Georg Friedrich Creuzer 1844

He was born at Marburg, the son of a bookbinder. After studying at Marburg and at the University of Jena, he went to Leipzig as a private tutor; but in 1802 he was appointed professor at Marburg, and two years later professor of philology and ancient history at Heidelberg. He held the latter position for nearly forty-five years, with the exception of a short time spent at the University of Leiden, where his health was affected by the Dutch climate.

Creuzer was one of the principal founders of the Philological Seminary established at Heidelberg in 1807. The Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Paris, appointed him one of its members, and from the Grand Duke of Baden he received the dignity of privy councillor.^[1] In 1844 Creuzer received a medal for his 40th anniversary of employment at the University of Heidelberg. This medal was made by the engraver Ludwig Kachel.^[2]

Works

Creuzer's first and most famous work was his Symbolik und Mythologie der alten Völker, besonders der Griechen^[3] (1810–12, 2nd ed. 1819, 3rd ed. 1837), in which he maintained that the mythology of Homer and Hesiod came from an Eastern source through the Pelasgians, and reflected the symbolism of an ancient revelation;^[4] as a reconciliation with Judeo-Christian religion, it was, Walter Burkert has said, "the last large-scale and thoroughly unavailing endeavor of this kind."^[5]

This work ran counter to the ideology of romantic nationalism, which held literature and culture to be intimately connected with a Volk, epitomized by Karl Otfried Müller's concept of a Greek Stammeskultur, a Greek "tribal culture".^[6] For this and the next generations, "origins and organic development rather than reciprocal cultural influences became the key to understanding."^[7]

Creuzer's work was vigorously attacked by Johann Gottfried Jakob Hermann in his Briefen über Homer und Hesiod, and in his letter, addressed to Creuzer, Über das Wesen und die Behandlung der Mythologie;^[8] by Johann Heinrich Voss in his Antisymbolik; and by Christian Lobeck in his Aglaophamus.^[9] It was briefly praised, however, by Hegel in his Philosophy of Right.^[10]

Creuzer's other works include:

• an edition of Plotinus
• a partial edition of Cicero, in preparing which he was assisted by Moser
• Epochen der griechischen Literaturgeschichte (1802)
• Die historische Kunst der Griechen (1803)
• Abriss der römischen Antiquitaten (1824)
• Zur Geschichte altrömischer Cultur am Oberrhein und Neckar (1833)
• Zur Gemmenkunde (1834)
• Das Mithreum von Neuenheim (1838)
• Zur Galerie der alten Dramatiker (1839)
• Zur Geschichte der classischen Philologie (1854).^[11]

See the autobiographical Aus dem Leben eines alten Professors (Leipzig and Darmstadt, 1848), to which was added in the year of his death Paralipomena der Lebenskunde eines alten Professors (Frankfurt, 1858); also Starck, Friederich Kreuzer, sein Bildungsgang und seine bleibende Bedeutung (Heidelberg, 1875).^[11]

Notes

1. Chisholm 1911, p. 431.
2. http://hdl.handle.net/10900/100742 S. Krmnicek und M. Gaidys, Gelehrtenbilder. Altertumswissenschaftler auf Medaillen des 19. Jahrhunderts. Begleitband zur online-Ausstellung im Digitalen Münzkabinett des Instituts für Klassische Archäologie der Universität Tübingen, in: S. Krmnicek (Hrsg.), Von Krösus bis zu König Wilhelm. Neue Serie Bd. 3 (Tübingen 2020), 80f.
3. "Symbolism and mythology of the ancient peoples, particularly the Greeks"
4. Chisholm 1911, pp. 431–432.
5. Burkert, Introduction to Greek Religion 1983:
6. Müller even challenged the Semitic etymology of the name Kadmos, in Orchomenos und die Minyer (1820, 1844), as Burkert noted.
7. Walter Burkert, The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Period 1992, p. 2.
8. "On the character and treatment of mythology"
9. Edmonds, pp. 54–5.
10. Section 203; the history of this public dialogue is retraced in E. Howald, Der Kampf um Creuzers Symbolik1926.
11. Chisholm 1911, p. 432.

References

• Edmonds, Radcliffe G. (2013), Redefining Ancient Orphism: A Study in Greek Religion, Cambridge University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-1-107-03821-9.
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Creuzer, Georg Friedrich". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 431–432.