Galisteo Formation

The Galisteo Formation is a geologic formation in New Mexico. It contains fossils characteristic of the Bartonian stage of the Eocene epoch, Duchesnean in the NALMA classification.^[1]

Galisteo Formation
Stratigraphic range: Duchesnean ~42–38 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Galisteo Formation near Espinaso Ridge, New Mexico
Type	Formation
Underlies	Espinaso Formation
Overlies	Diamond Tail Formation
Area	Galisteo Basin
Thickness	979 m (3,212 ft)
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Other	Mudstone
Location
Coordinates	35.3914561°N 105.9767794°W / 35.3914561; -105.9767794
Approximate paleocoordinates	37.4°N 97.4°W / 37.4; -97.4
Region	New Mexico
Country	United States
Type section
Named for	Galisteo Creek
Named by	Hayden
Year defined	1869
Galisteo Formation (the United States) Show map of the United States Galisteo Formation (New Mexico) Show map of New Mexico

Description

Galisteo Formation in western Bandelier National Monument

The Galisteo Formation is primarily fluvial sandstone and mudstone, with small amounts of conglomerate, freshwater limestone, and sedimentary tuff. It crops out over a limited area between Sandia Crest and the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, with an outlier at the eastern feet of the San Miguel subrange of the Jemez Mountains. Its contact with the overlying Espinaso Formation is gradational.^[2] The formation rests on the Diamond Tail Formation in most locations where its base is exposed, but the Diamond Tail is not present in the exposures south of San Ysidro.^[3] The presence of Precambrian and Paleozoic clasts at the base of the Galisteo Formation suggests that the discontinuity separating it from the Diamond Tail is tectonic in origin.^[4] There are indications the formation itself experienced penecontemporaneous deformation, possibly due to renewed uplift of the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains.^[2] The maximum thickness of the formation is 979 meters (3,212 feet).^[3]

Paleocurrent directions indicate the sources of the sediments deposited in the formation came from the Brazos-Sangre de Cristo Geanticline to the northeast and the Nacimiento Mountains to the northwest. There are no indications of sediments from Sandia Crest to the south, suggesting that Sandia Crest was not uplifted until after the Eocene.^[5] The presence of Precambrian clasts in the upper part of the formation in the San Miguel Mountains was some of the first evidence for the existence of the Pajarito Uplift, a Laramide structure occupying what is now the southern Espanola Basin between the current locations of Los Alamos and Santa Fe that later foundered into the Rio Grande Rift.^[6]

The Galisteo Formation likely correlates with the El Rito Formation to the north of the Jemez Mountains.^[6] It may also correlate with the Tapicito Member of the San Jose Formation.^[7]

Paleontology

The most important fossil site in the Galisteo Formation, the Stearns quarry at Arroyo del Tuerto,^[2] contains numerous fossil remains of titanotheres dating to the Duchesnean Stage, about 42 to 38 million years ago. Petrified wood is also found in this area. The formation is otherwise largely barren of fossils.

Fossil content

The following fossils have been reported from the formation:^[1]

Mammals

Carnivora

• Angelarctocyon cf. australis^[8]

Glires

• Paramyidae indet.^[9]

Pantodonta

• Coryphodon sp.^[9]

Perissodactyls

• cf. Homogalax protapirinus^[9]
• Brontotheriidae indet.^[10]
• Equidae indet.^[9]

Placentalia

• Hyopsodus powellianus^[9]

Primates

• Microsyopidae indet.^[9]

Theriiformes

• Ectoganus sp.^[9]

History of investigation

Petrified wood from the Galisteo Formation, Arroyo del Tuerto

The formation was first described by F.V. Hayden during the 1869 expedition to New Mexico and Colorado. He named the formation the Galisteo sand group and noted that its sandstone beds dipped from 5 to 50 degrees and varied in color from off-white to brick red. He could find no fossils other than petrified logs, some of which were enormous.^[11]

The formation originally included older beds separated from the rest of the formation by a significant disconformity. These were split off into the Diamond Tail Formation in 1997.^[12]

See also

• List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in New Mexico
• Paleontology in New Mexico

References

1. Galisteo Formation at Fossilworks.org
2. Stearns 1943.
3. Lucas et al. 1997, p. 92.
4. Lucas et al. 1997, p. 94.
5. Gorham & Ingersoll 1979, p. 223.
6. Cather 2004.
7. Lucas et al. 1997, pp. 94–95.
8. Tomiya & Morris 2020.
9. Lucas 1982.
10. Alroy 2002.
11. Hayden 1869.
12. Lucas et al. 1997.

Bibliography

• Alroy, J. (2002). "Synonymies and reidentifications of North American fossil mammals". The Paleobiology Database. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
• Cather, Steven M. (2004). "Laramide Orogeny in Central and Northern New Mexico and Southern Colorado". In Mack, Greg H.; Giles, Katherine A. (eds.). The Geology of New Mexico: A Geologic History. New Mexico Geological Society. pp. 203–248.
• Gorham, Timothy W.; Ingersoll, R.V. (1979). "Evolution of the Eocene Galisteo Basin, north-central New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geologic Society Field Conference Series. 30: 219–224. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
• Hayden, F.V. (1869). United States Geologic Survey of New Mexico and Colorado.
• Lucas, S.G. (1982). "Vertebrate paleontology, stratigraphy, and biostratigraphy of Eocene Galisteo Formation, north-central New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular. 186. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
• Lucas, Spencer G.; Cather, Steven M.; Abbott, John C.; Williamson, Thomas E. (November 1997). "Stratigraphy and tectonic implications of Paleogene strata in the Laramide Galisteo Basin, north-central New Mexico" (PDF). New Mexico Geology. 19 (4): 89–95. doi:10.58799/NMG-v19n4.89.
• Stearns, C.E. (1943). "The Galisteo formation of north-central New Mexico". Journal of Geology. 51 (5): 301–319. Bibcode:1943JG.....51..301S. doi:10.1086/625156. S2CID 129038565.
• Tomiya, S.; Morris, Z. S. (2020). "Reidentification of late middle Eocene "Uintacyon" from the Galisteo Formation (New Mexico, U.S.A.) as an early beardog (Mammalia, Carnivora, Amphicyonidae)". Breviora. 567: 1–12. doi:10.3099/0006-9698-567.1.1. S2CID 218643803.