Gadaladeniya Vihara

Gadaladenyia Vihara (Sinhala: ගඩලාදෙණිය විහාරය) (also known as Saddharmatilaka Vihara or Dharma Kirthi Viharaya) is an ancient Buddhist temple situated in Pilimathalawa, Kandy, Sri Lanka. It is located on Gadaladenyia Road (B116), just up from the Gadaladeniya junction of the Colombo - Kandy Road (A1), approximately 12.5 km (7.8 mi) to the west of Kandy and 3 km (1.9 mi) from the ancient buddhist temple, Lankatilaka Vihara. It is considered one of the largest rock temples in Sri Lanka.^[1]

Gadaladenyia Vihara
ගඩලාදෙණිය විහාරය
Religion
Affiliation	Buddhism
District	Kandy
Province	Central Province
Location
Location	Kandy, Sri Lanka
Geographic coordinates	07°15′26.3″N 80°33′21.9″E
Architecture
Architect(s)	Ganesvarachari
Type	Buddhist Temple
Founder	King Bhuvanekabahu IV
Completed	1344

History

The history of the temple goes back to the 14th century. According to historical reports this temple was built in 1344, under the patronage of King Bhuvanekabahu IV, who reigned from 1341 to 1351 A. D.,^[2] by the Ven. Seelavamsa Dharmakirti.^[3] The architecture of the temple was designed following Hindu artistic styles by, Ganesvarachari, a South Indian architect.^[4] On the rock outcrop, upon which the temple stands, is a carved inscription regarding the temple's construction.^[3] The temple was constructed in the Dravidian architectural style^[5] incorporating Sinhalese architecture from the Polonnaruwa era and other Indo Chinese architectural patterns.^[6]

Celebrated scholarly monks who have resided at the temple include Sangharaja Dharmakirti II, the author of the Sangharaja-Nikāya (14-15th century)^[7] and Vimalakirti I.^[3]

The temple was abandoned until King Vira Parakrama Narendra Sinha (1707-1739) handed over it to Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero,^[8] whose pupils have looked after the temple ever since.^[9]

Main shrine

The central temple building is unique in that it is built entirely of sculptured granite, except for two shikharas which are built of brick, and sits on a massive stone slab.^[1] The sikharas, which are located above the sanctum begins in an octagonal shape but has been given the features of a dagoba. After the original construction of the temple building, possibly in the 18th or 19th century, a multi-tiered and tiled Sinhalese roof, resting on brick piers and wooden pillars, was added to the temple, concealing the flat roof and the shikharas.^[3]

At the entrance to the shrine room is an elaborately ornate sculptured Makara Thorana (Dragon's Arch).^[10] The Makara Thorana is decorated with images of Brahmā, Śakra, Santuṣita, Saman, Santhusthika, Natha and Maitreya.^[11] Inside the shrine room is a 2.43 m (8.0 ft) high statue of a seated Buddha, in the 'Dhyana Mudra’ pose, the posture of meditation associated with his first enlightenment,^[10] with four standing Buddha statues flanking it. The statue is significantly different from those of the Gampola period (1314–1415).

Adjacent to the main shrine room, on its north side, is a devale dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu. The devale was originally dedicated to Varuna when it was built however as Vishnu became more popular with devotees the shrine to Varuna was replaced with Vishnu.^[10]

Secondary shrine

In the middle of the temple compound is a secondary shrine, the Vijayothpaya or Vijayantha Prasada named after the mythical palace of god Indra. The shrine was constructed after the main shrine by King Parakramabahu V.^[12] The shrine consists of a central stupa, approximately 12.3 m (40 ft) high built on a square platform.^[1] The entire stupa is covered by a four-sided roof supported by four stone pillars. On the four sides of the main stupa are four smaller matching stupas, extending in cruciform angles out in the four cardinal directions. Each of these four smaller stupas are built on stone platforms with their own individual shrine rooms.^[4][13] These shrines formerly housed images of the Four Heavenly Kings: Vaishravaṇa, Virūḷhaka, Dhrutharashṭa and Virūpaksha^[11] but now houses statues of the seated Buddha.

See also

• List of Archaeological Protected Monuments in Sri Lanka

References

1. de Thabrew, W. Vivian (2013). Monuments and Temples of Orthodox Buddhism in India and Sri Lanka. Author House. p. 66. ISBN 9781481795517.
2. "Gadaladeniya Viharaya". kandycity.org. 10 February 2012. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
3. Seneviratna, Anuradha; Polk, Benjamin (1992). Buddhist Monastic Architecture in Sri Lanka: The Woodland Shrines. Abhinav Publications. p. 82. ISBN 9788170172819.
4. "Gadaladeniya – The temple of many names". tourslanka.com. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
5. Holt, John Clifford (2008). The Buddhist Viṣṇu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 379. ISBN 9788120832695.
6. Bandaranayake, Senake D. (1974). Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viháras of Anuradhapura. Brill Publishers. pp. 371–372. ISBN 9789004039926.
7. Evers, Hans Dieter (1972). Monks, Priests and Peasants: A Study of Buddhism and Social Structure in Central Ceylon. Brill Publishers. p. 10.
8. "Gadaladenyia Temple". tour.lk. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
9. "Gadaladeniya Rajamaha Viharaya – ගඩලාදෙනිය රජමහා විහාරය". amazinglanka.com. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
10. Kappagoda, D. B. (3 June 2007). "Synthesis of Buddhist-Hindu worship". Sunday Times. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
11. Holt, John Clifford (1991). Buddha in the Crown: Avalokitesvara in the Buddhist Traditions of Sri Lanka. Oxford University Press. p. 100. ISBN 9780195362466.
12. Codrington, H. W. (1995). Short History of Ceylon. Asian Educational Services. p. 83. ISBN 9788120609464.
13. "Gadaladeniya Temple". lankainformation.lk. Retrieved 2 November 2016.