Fusobacteriota

Fusobacteriota are obligately anaerobic non-sporeforming Gram-negative bacilli. Since the first reports in the late nineteenth century, various names have been applied to these organisms, sometimes with the same name being applied to different species. More recently, not only have there been changes to the nomenclature, but also attempts to differentiate between species which are believed to be either pathogenic or commensal or both. Because of their asaccharolytic nature, and a general paucity of positive results in routine biochemical tests, laboratory identification of the Fusobacteriota has been difficult. However, the application of novel molecular biological techniques to taxonomy has established a number of new species, together with the subspeciation of Fusobacterium necrophorum and F. nucleatum, and provided new methods for identification. The involvement of Fusobacteriota in a wide spectrum of human infections causing tissue necrosis and septicaemia has long been recognised, and, more recently, their importance in intra-amniotic infections, premature labour and tropical ulcers has been reported.

Fusobacteriota
Fusobacterium novum in liquid culture
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Kingdom:	Fusobacteriati
Phylum:	Fusobacteriota Garrity & Holt 2021[1]
Class:	Fusobacteriia Staley & Whitman 2012
Order:	Fusobacteriales Staley & Whitman 2012
Families[2]
Fusobacteriaceae Haliovirgaceae Leptotrichiaceae
Synonyms
Fusobacteriota: "Fusobacteria" Garrity and Holt 2001 "Fusobacteraeota" Oren et al. 2015 "Fusobacteriota" Whitman et al. 2018 Fusobacteriia: "Fusobacteria" Cavalier-Smith 2006

Since the first reports of Fusobacteriota in the late nineteenth century, the variety of species names has led to some confusion within the genera Fusobacterium and Leptotrichia. However, newer methods of investigation have led to a better understanding of the taxonomy, with the description of several new species of Fusobacteriota. Among the new species described are F. ulcerans from tropical ulcers, and several species from the oral cavity. Subspeciation of the important species F. necrophorum and F. nucleatum has also been possible. It is probable that the taxonomy of the Fusobacteriota may be further developed in the future.^[3]

It is the sole phylum in the kingdom Fusobacteriati.^[4]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)^[5] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).^[6]

16S rRNA based LTP_10_2024[7][8][9]

120 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220[10][11][12]

Haliovirgaceae Haliovirga Miyazaki et al. 2023 Leptotrichiaceae Sebaldella Collins and Shah 1986 Pseudoleptotrichia Eisenberg et al. 2020 Leptotrichia Trevisan 1879 Caviibacter Eisenberg et al. 2016 Oceanivirga Eisenberg et al. 2016 Sneathia Collins et al. 2002 Pseudostreptobacillus Eisenberg et al. 2020 Streptobacillus Levaditi, Nicolau & Poincloux 1925 Fusobacteriaceae Hypnocyclicus Roalkvam et al. 2015 Psychrilyobacter Zhao et al. 2009 Propionigenium maris Ilyobacter Stieb and Schink 1985 (incl. Propionigenium Schink & Pfennig 1983) Cetobacterium Foster et al. 1996 Fusobacterium Knorr 1922

Leptotrichiaceae Sebaldella Caviibacter Oceanivirga Sneathia Pseudostreptobacillus Streptobacillus Pseudoleptotrichia Leptotrichia Haliovirgaceae Haliovirga Fusobacteriaceae Hypnocyclicus Psychrilyobacter Propionigenium maris Ilyobacter Fusobacterium perfoetens Cetobacterium Fusobacterium

Role in Human Disease

New evidence is emerging that this bacterium may cause or be related to human colon cancer. In 2011 investigators reported the presence of Fusobacteriota in colon cancer tissue (Genome Res 2012; 22:292) and a new multicenter study provides evidence that some cases-particularly right-sided might be caused by infection by Fusobacteriota.^[13]

See also

• Fusiform
• List of bacteria genera
• List of bacterial orders

References

1. Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987.
2. "Fusobacteriales". NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
3. Bennett, K. W.; Eley, A. (1 October 1993). "Fusobacteria: New taxonomy and related diseases". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 39 (4): 246–254. doi:10.1099/00222615-39-4-246. PMID 8411084.
4. Göker, Markus; Oren, Aharon (22 January 2024). "Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (1). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006242.
5. J.P. Euzéby. "Fusobacteria". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2016-03-20.
6. Sayers; et al. "Fusobacteria". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
7. "The LTP". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
8. "LTP_all tree in newick format". Retrieved 10 December 2024.
9. "LTP_10_2024 Release Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 10 December 2024.
10. "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
11. "bac120_r220.sp_labels". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
12. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2024.
13. Bullman S, Pedamallu CS, Sicinska E, Clancy TE, Zhang X, Cai D, Neuberg D, Huang K, Guevara F, Nelson T, Chipashvili O, Hagan T, Walker M, Ramachandran A, Diosdado B, Serna G, Mulet N, Landolfi S, Ramon y Cajal S, Fasani R, Aguirre AJ, Ng K, Élez E, Ogino S, Tabernero J, Fuchs CS, Hahn WC, Nuciforo P, Meyerson M. (2017). "Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer". Science. 358 (6369): 1443–1448. Bibcode:2017Sci...358.1443B. doi:10.1126/science.aal5240. PMC 5823247. PMID 29170280.