Frank Serpico

Francesco Vincent "Frank" Serpico (/ˈsɜːrpɪkoʊ/ SUR-pik-oh; born April 14, 1936) is an American retired New York Police Department detective, best known for whistleblowing on police corruption. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he was a plainclothes police officer working in Brooklyn, the Bronx and Manhattan to expose vice racketeering. In 1967, he reported credible evidence of widespread police corruption, to no effect.^[2] In 1970, he contributed to a front-page story in The New York Times on widespread corruption in the NYPD, which drew national attention to the problem.^[2] Mayor John V. Lindsay appointed a five-member panel to investigate accusations of police corruption, which became the Knapp Commission.

Frank Serpico
Serpico in 2013
Born	Francesco Vincent Serpico (1936-04-14) April 14, 1936 (age 89) Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
Nationality	American, Italian
Other names	Paco
Alma mater	City College of New York (BS)
Known for	Whistleblower on police corruption and subsequent shooting
Police career
Department	New York Police Department
Service years	1959–1972
Status	Retired
Rank	Detective
Badge no.	19076[1]
Shield no.	761
Awards	NYPD Medal of Honor
Other work	Lecturer
Military career
Allegiance	United States
Service / branch	United States Army
Years of service	1954–1956
Battles / wars	Korean War

Serpico was shot in the face during an arrest attempt on February 3, 1971, at 778 Driggs Avenue, in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The bullet severed an auditory nerve, and left bullet fragments lodged in his brain. The circumstances surrounding Serpico's shooting were quickly called into question, raising the possibility that Serpico had been led to the apartment by his colleagues to be murdered. There was no formal investigation,^[3] but Edgar Echevarria, who had shot Serpico, was subsequently convicted of attempted murder.

Much of Serpico's fame came after the release of the 1973 film Serpico, in which he was portrayed by Al Pacino, based on the book of the same name by Peter Maas. On June 27, 2013, the USA Section of ANPS (National Association of Italian State Police) awarded him the "Saint Michael Archangel Prize". During the ceremony, he gained Italian citizenship, and received an Italian passport.

Early life

Serpico was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the youngest child of Vincenzo and Maria Giovanna Serpico, Italian immigrants from Marigliano, Naples, Campania. His older siblings, Pasquale, Salvatore and Tina were also born in Brooklyn. Serpico attended high school at the prestigious St. Francis Preparatory School and graduated in 1954, according to their on-line alumni data. In 1954, at the age of 17, he then enlisted in the United States Army and was stationed for two years in South Korea as an infantryman. After his service in the army, from about 1954 to 1956, he worked as a part-time private investigator and as a youth counselor while attending Brooklyn College.^[4] Serpico later received a Bachelor of Science degree from City College of New York.^[5][6]

Career

NYPD

On September 11, 1959, Serpico joined the New York City Police Department (NYPD) as a probationary patrolman, and became a full patrolman on March 5, 1960. He was assigned to the 81st precinct, then worked for the Bureau of Criminal Identification (BCI) for two years.^[7] He was then assigned to plainclothes undercover work, during which he eventually exposed widespread corruption.^[4]

Serpico was a plainclothes police officer working in Brooklyn, the Bronx and Manhattan to expose vice racketeering. In 1967, he reported credible evidence of systemic police corruption, and saw no effect^[2] until he met another police officer, David Durk, who helped him. Serpico believed his partners knew about his secret meetings with police investigators. Finally, he contributed to an April 25, 1970 front-page story in The New York Times on widespread corruption in the NYPD, which drew national attention to the problem.^[2] Mayor John V. Lindsay appointed a five-member panel to investigate accusations of police corruption. The panel became the Knapp Commission, named after its chairman, Whitman Knapp.^[8]

Shooting and public interest

Serpico was shot during a drug arrest attempt on February 3, 1971, at 778 Driggs Avenue, in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Four officers from the Brooklyn North police command had received a tip that a drug deal was about to take place. Two policemen, Gary Roteman and Arthur Cesare, stayed outside, while the third, Paul Halley, stood in front of the apartment building. Serpico climbed up the fire escape, entered by the fire escape door, went downstairs, listened for the password, then followed two suspects outside.^[9]

The police arrested the young suspects, and found one had two bags of heroin. Halley stayed with the suspects, and Roteman told Serpico, who spoke Spanish, to make a fake purchase in attempt to get the drug dealers to open the door. The police went to the third-floor landing. Serpico knocked on the door, keeping his hand on his revolver. The door opened a few inches, just far enough to wedge his body in. Serpico called for help, but his fellow officers ignored him.^[9]

Serpico was then shot in the face by the suspect with a .22 LR pistol. The bullet struck just below the eye, lodging at the top of his jaw. He fired back, striking his assailant,^[3] fell to the floor, and began to bleed profusely. His police colleagues refused to make a "10-13" dispatch to police headquarters, indicating that an officer had been shot. An elderly man who lived in the next apartment called the emergency services, reporting that a man had been shot, and stayed with Serpico.^[9] When a police car arrived, aware that Serpico was a fellow officer, they transported him in the patrol car to Greenpoint Hospital.^[3]

The bullet had severed an auditory nerve, leaving him deaf in one ear, and he has since suffered from chronic pain from bullet fragments lodged in his brain. He was visited the day after the shooting by Mayor John V. Lindsay and Police Commissioner Patrick V. Murphy, and the police department harassed him with hourly bed checks. He later testified before the Knapp Commission.^[10]

The circumstances surrounding Serpico's shooting were quickly called into question. Serpico, who was armed during the drug raid, had been shot only after briefly turning away from the suspect, when he realized that the two officers who had accompanied him to the scene were not following him into the apartment, raising the question whether Serpico had actually been taken to the apartment by his colleagues to be murdered. There was no formal investigation.^[3] Edgar Echevarria, who had shot Serpico, was subsequently convicted of attempted murder.^[11] On May 3, 1971, New York Metro Magazine published an article, "Portrait of an Honest Cop," about him, a week before he testified at the departmental trial of an NYPD lieutenant accused of taking bribes from gamblers.^[12]

Testimony before the Knapp Commission

In October, and again in December 1971, Serpico testified before the Knapp Commission:^[9]

Through my appearance here today ... I hope that police officers in the future will not experience ... the same frustration and anxiety that I was subjected to ... for the past five years at the hands of my superiors ... because of my attempt to report corruption. I was made to feel that I had burdened them with an unwanted task. The problem is that the atmosphere does not yet exist, in which an honest police officer can act ... without fear of ridicule or reprisal from fellow officers. Police corruption cannot exist unless it is at least tolerated ... at higher levels in the department. Therefore, the most important result that can come from these hearings ... is a conviction by police officers that the department will change. In order to ensure this ... an independent, permanent investigative body ... dealing with police corruption, like this commission, is essential ...^[13]

Serpico was the first police officer in the history of the New York City Police Department to step forward to report, and subsequently testify openly about, widespread, systemic corruption payoffs amounting to millions of dollars.^[14]

Retirement and activism

Serpico retired on June 15, 1972, one month after receiving the New York City Police Department's highest honor, the Medal of Honor. There was no ceremony; according to Serpico, it was simply handed to him over the desk "like a pack of cigarettes."^[15] In 2014, Serpico said that the NYPD still had not issued him the certificate that normally would accompany the honor.^[16] In December 2021, Eric Adams, the mayor-elect of New York City and a former NYPD officer, said "[Serpico's] bravery inspired my law enforcement career" and said that he would ensure that the omission was corrected.^[17][18] On February 3, 2022, Serpico received the certificate, which he greeted with an improvised "21-gun salute" made with the sound of popping bubble wrap.^[17][18][19]

Following his retirement in 1972, he went to Switzerland to recuperate, spending almost a decade living there. He also lived on a farm in the Netherlands and spent time traveling and studying in Western Europe.^[15]

When it was decided to make the movie about his life called Serpico, Al Pacino invited the officer to stay with him at a house that Pacino had rented in Montauk, New York. Pacino asked him about why he had stepped forward, and Serpico replied, "Well, Al, I don't know. I guess I would have to say it would be because... if I didn't, who would I be when I listened to a piece of music?"^[20] He has credited his grandfather (who had once been assaulted and robbed), and his uncle (a respected policeman in Italy), for his own sense of justice.^[21][22]

He returned to the U.S. briefly in June 1974 to deliver a nomination speech for Ramsey Clark, candidate for United States Senator, at the New York State Democratic Party's convention in Niagara Falls. Clark was nominated, but lost the general election to incumbent Republican Jacob Javits.

While travelling in Europe from 1979 to 1980, Serpico lived in Orissor College in Corwen, Wales;^[23] he was one of the founders and Director of Orissor (which had been known as the Old Union Work House and, more recently, as Corwen Manor: his signature appears on the deeds). He was well known in and around Corwen and frequently mixed in the town's pubs. After a disagreement with Orissor, he stayed for a few weeks in a B&B before returning to New York City in 1980.

Serpico still speaks out about police brutality, civil liberties, and police corruption, such as the attempted cover-ups following Abner Louima's torture in 1997 and Amadou Diallo's shooting in 1999.^[24] He provides support to "individuals who seek truth and justice even in the face of great personal risk," calling them "lamp lighters"; he prefers that term in place of the more conventional "whistleblower," which refers to alerting the public to danger,^[25] in the spirit of Paul Revere's midnight ride during the American Revolutionary War.^[26]

In an October 2014 interview published by Politico entitled "The Police Are Still Out of Control... I Should Know," Serpico addresses contemporary issues of police violence.^[27]

In 2015, Serpico ran for a seat on the town board of Stuyvesant, New York, where he lives, his first foray into politics,^[28] but was not elected.^[29]

Among police officers, his actions are still controversial,^[30] but Eugene O'Donnell, professor of police studies at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, said in 2011 that "he becomes more of a heroic figure with every passing year."^[31]

On August 19, 2017, Serpico gave a speech which was broadcast live on Facebook as he stood with NYPD police officers in New York City on the bank of the East River at the foot of the Brooklyn Bridge in support of Colin Kaepernick, for his protests alleging a culture of police brutality. Serpico said, "I am here to support anyone who has the courage to stand up against injustice and oppression anywhere in this country and the world."^[32]

Effect on the NYPD

As a result of Serpico's efforts, some have claimed that the NYPD has drastically changed.^[15] Michael Armstrong, who was counsel to the Knapp Commission and went on to become chairman of the city's Commission to Combat Police Corruption, observed in 2012, "the attitude throughout the department seems fundamentally hostile to the kind of systemized graft that had been a way of life almost 40 years ago."^[33] However, Serpico disagrees, stating in 2010 that, "An honest cop still can't find a place to go and complain without fear of recrimination. The blue wall will always be there because the system supports it."^[15] The New York City Commission to Combat Police Corruption has become a permanent advisory body, and in its 2018 report while noting that there has been progress on NYPD corruption and transparency, offered 13 suggestions covering a range of reporting, transparency, and adjudication procedures. In its 2022 interim NYPD response report to the commission's report, the NYPD responded to 5 of the suggestions, rejecting 3 as inappropriate or unnecessary.^[34] Also in the late 1970s and early 1980s, vice laws were generally not enforced to prevent police corruption. Consequently, bookmakers and drug dealers often operated openly out of storefronts, while prostitutes openly advertised and often plied their trade in various "red-light" sections of the city.^[35]

Life after the NYPD

On June 15, 1972, Serpico left both the NYPD and U.S. to move to Switzerland and later the Netherlands and also travelled throughout Western Europe. In 1973, while living in the Netherlands, he became involved with a woman named Marianne whom he wed in a "spiritual marriage" and called her his "true soul mate." She later died from cancer.^[9]

Reportedly, after his return to the U.S., he became involved with a woman known only as L. Pamela P. through the court system. She claimed they have a biological son together, Alexander Serpico, born 3/15/1980, and sued him for child support. Serpico contested the child support order, claiming that the mother told him she was on the contraceptive pill, an allegation she denied, but her friend testified against her in court. He lost his case on appeal and a tribunal ruled he had to pay $945 per month.^[36] Serpico was represented in his suit by Karen DeCrow, former president of the National Organization for Women.^[37] Alexander died of a suspected drug overdose on May 12, 2021. He was 41.^[38]

On June 27, 2013, the USA Section of ANPS (National Association of Italian State Police) assigned him the "Saint Michael Archangel Prize," an official award by the Italian State Police with the Sponsorship of the Italian Ministry of Interior. During the ceremony, he received his first Italian passport. He was granted citizenship after extended research by the president of ANPS USA, Chief Inspector Cirelli, who established the jus sanguinis or "right of blood". This legal principle, common in Europe, determines citizenship based on the nationality of a person's parents and, thus, allowed him to gain Italian citizenship.^[39]

Depictions in media

• Serpico, a 1973 biography by Peter Maas,^[40] sold over 3 million copies.^[41]
• The 1973 biography was adapted for the 1973 film Serpico, which was directed by Sidney Lumet and starred Al Pacino in the title role.^[40] Pacino received widespread praise for his performance and was nominated for an Academy Award.
• In 1976 David Birney starred as Serpico in a TV-movie called Serpico: The Deadly Game (also known as "The Deadly Game"), produced by Dino De Laurentiis Corporation, Emmett G. Lavery Jr. Productions, and Paramount Television.^[42]
• The TV-movie, broadcast by NBC, served as a pilot to a short-lived Serpico TV series the following fall on the same network.^[43][42]
• The British band Prolapse had a song called "Serpico" as the opening track of their debut album, Pointless Walks to Dismal Places. The song's lyrics depict a potential conversation between Frank Serpico and one of his superiors.
• In the 1995 movie Se7en, Brad Pitt's character (detective Mills) says to his wife "Serpico's got to go".
• In the 1998 film Rushmore, Max Fischer (Jason Schwartzman) creates a stage adaptation of Serpico's story.
• Frank Serpico, a 2017 documentary.^[44]
• In the episode of All in the Family "The Taxi Caper", which aired on December 8, 1973, Serpico is mentioned as one of the "new breed" of New York City police officers.
• In the episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia "Bums: Making a Mess All Over the City", which aired on November 8, 2007, Charlie Day dresses like the Al Pacino depiction of Frank Serpico as he attempts to rid the city of corruption.^[45] (The actor playing the titular "bum" of the episode, Tracey Walter, was in the original Serpico movie.)^[45]
• In the 2024 Netflix movie Rebel Ridge, Serpico is used as the codename for a police officer that challenges a corrupt department.

See also

• New York City Police Department corruption and misconduct
• Adrian Schoolcraft, secretly recorded police conversations from 2008 to 2009
• Robert Leuci, known for his work exposing corruption in the police department and the criminal justice system