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The Focke-Achgelis Fa 330 Bachstelze (English: Wagtail) is a type of rotary-wing kite, known as a rotor kite. They were towed behind German U-boats during World War II to allow a lookout to see further. About 200 were built by Weser Flugzeugbau.[2]
| Fa 330 Bachstelze | |
|---|---|
 An Fa 330 on display at the Hubschraubermuseum | |
| General information | |
| Type | Rotor kite |
| Manufacturer | Focke-Achgelis GmbH |
| Number built | 200[1] |
| History | |
| First flight | August 1942 |
Because of their low profile in the water, submarines could not see more than a few miles over the ocean. To solve this, the German admiralty considered a number of different options, including a folding seaplane (Arado Ar 231). In the end, they chose the Fa 330, a simple, single-seat autogyro kite with a three-bladed rotor.[1]
The Fa 330 could be deployed to the deck of the submarine by two people and was tethered to the U-boat by a 150 m (490 ft) cable.[3][2] The airflow on the rotors as the boat motored along on the surface would spin them up. The kite would then be deployed behind the U-boat with its observer-pilot aboard, raising him approximately 120 meters above the surface and allowing him to see much farther — about 25 nautical miles (46 kilometres), compared to the 5 nautical miles (9.3 kilometres) visible from the conning tower of the U-boat. If the U-boat captain were forced to abandon it on the surface, the tether would be released and the Fa 330 would descend slowly to the water.[1]
When not in use, the Fa 330 was stowed in two watertight compartments aft of the conning tower. In calm weather and sea, the assembly and disassembly steps could each be completed in approximately four minutes. In heavier weather, recovering (winching the Fa 330 back to the deck), dismantling, and stowing the Fa 330 took approximately 20 minutes and was a difficult operation.
Focke-Achgelis proposed a powered version of the Fa 330, the Fa 336, but the design never made it to the hardware phase.[4]
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As Allied air cover in other theatres of the war was considered too much of a threat, only U-boats operating in the far southern parts of the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden[2] used the Fa 330. Despite its advantages, the use of the Fa 330 resulted in only a single sinking when U-177 used one to spot, intercept and sink the Greek steamer Efthalia Mari on 6 August 1943.[5]
The Allies came into possession of an Fa 330 in May 1944 when they captured the U-852 intact.[6] After the war, the British government did successful experiments towing Fa 330s behind ships and jeeps, but the development of the helicopter quickly occupied the attention of the military.
U-boats that deployed Fa 330 kites included at least U-177, U-181, and U-852. Otto Giese wrote, "Our boat was rigged with a Bachstelze. This was a small, single, piloted helicopter attached to a 150 metre long steel cable and lifted into the air by the speed of the boat while the cable was gradually reeled out. From his position aloft, the pilot had a 360-degree view and could report any vessels."[7]: 183–184
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The Fa 330 directly inspired Igor Bensen's interest in small autogyros which culminated in the Bensen B-8 and other modern autogyros.
In February 2013, Aviation Week and Space Technology reported that L-3 Communications was testing its Valkyrie, an unpowered, tethered autogyro that weighs 210 pounds (95 kg), which is intended to serve as a cheap alternative to a shipborne helicopter. Valkyrie is designed to hover as high as 5,000 feet (1,500 meters) but is envisioned to operate typically at 500 to 1,000 feet (150 to 300 meters), offering a 28-to-39-mile (45-to-63-kilometre) field of view. L-3 stated that naval vessels could easily be retrofitted with this system.[8]
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Denmark
- 100032 – On static display at Egeskov Castle in Kvaerndrup, Faaborg-Midtfyn.[9]
France
- 100150 – On static display at the Le musée de l'Air et de l'Espace in Paris. This airframe was restored using parts from Wk. Nr. 100115 or Wk. Nr. 100145.[10]
Germany
- 100042 – On static display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich.[11][12]
- 100345 – On static display at the Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin.[13][14]
- 100406 – On static display at the Hubschraubermuseum Bückeburg in Bückeburg.[15][16]
United Kingdom
- 100143 – On static display at the Imperial War Museum Duxford in Duxford.[17][18]
- 100503 – On static display at the RAF Museum Cosford in Cosford.[19][16]
- 100509 – On static display at the Science Museum at Wroughton in Swindon.[20][18][16]
- 100545 – On static display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Ilchester.[21]
- 100549 – On static display at the Lashenden Air Warfare Museum in Ashford.[22]
United States
- 60133 – On static display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.[23][16]
- 100463 – On static display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.[24][25]
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Data from Aircraft of the Third Reich [26][27]
General characteristics
- Crew: 1
- Length: 4.42 m (14 ft 6 in)
- Empty weight: 68 kg (150 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 148 kg (326 lb)
- Main rotor diameter: 7.32 m (24 ft 0 in)
- Main rotor area: 42 m2 (450 sq ft) 3-bladed rotor
Performance
- Cruise speed: 40 km/h (25 mph, 22 kn) on tow
- Never exceed speed: 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kn) on tow
- Minimum control speed: 27 km/h (17 mph, 15 kn) on tow
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- Hafner Rotabuggy
- Man-lifting kite
- Petróczy-Kármán-Žurovec tethered helicopters
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