First Battle of Zhawar

The First Battle of Zhawar was fought during the Soviet–Afghan War between Afghan Army units, and their allies the Soviet Union, against mujahideen groups of Haqqani and Khalis. Their objective was to destroy the Mujahideen logistic base situated at Zhawar, 3 kilometers from the Durand line.^[2]

First Battle of Zhawar
Part of the Soviet–Afghan War
Date September–October 1985 Location Zhawar, Paktia Province, Afghanistan Result Mujahideen victory
Belligerents
Afghanistan Soviet Union	Afghan Mujahideen Supported by: Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Shahnawaz Tanai, Qalandar Shah	Jalaluddin Haqqani Yunis Khalis Fathullah Haqqani †
Units involved
12th Infantry Division 25th Infantry Division	“Zhawar Regiment”[1]
Strength
	500 mujahideen 2 T-55 tanks
Casualties and losses
Unknown, presumably heavy (mainly DRA)	106 killed 321 injured

Zhawar

The Zhawar caves in 2002.

The Mujahideen base at Zhawar, situated in Paktia Province,^[a] served as a storage facility for supplies and equipment being transferred from neighbouring Pakistan to the various guerrilla groups operating in the region. It also served as a training and command facility. The Mujahideen had dug tunnels up to 500 m into the Sodyaki Ghar mountain, with accommodations including a hotel, a mosque, a medical point and a garage to house the two T-55 tanks that had been captured from the DRA in 1983.

The Mujahedeen defending the base numbered 500, and they were armed with a D-30 howitzer, several BM-21 multiple rocket launchers and five ZPU-1 and ZPU-2 heavy machine-guns for air defence. Additionally, other Mujahideen groups were active in the area, and they participated in the defense of the base when necessary. These groups were part of various movements including the Hezbi Islami, the Hezb-e Islami Khalis, the Harakat-i-Inqilab-i-Islami and the Mahaz-e-Melli, though all in theory came under the authority of regional commander Jalaluddin Haqqani.

The Battle

The first offensive was launched in September 1985 by elements of the 12th and 25th DRA divisions, supported by Soviet airpower, at a time when the major Mujahideen commanders were absent, including Haqqani, who was performing the Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca.

The DRA forces first attacked from Khost, and succeeded in capturing the village of Bori, to the northeast of Zhawar. They then ran into heavy resistance and had to pull back.

The main attack came on September 4, and was at first successful, capturing the village of Lezhi and killing a Mujahideen commander. Very soon the attack was halted at the Manay Kandow pass, that had been heavily fortified by the Mujahideen. For 10 days the defenders held out, but were finally forced to withdraw, under heavy airstrikes by Soviet aircraft. This enabled the DRA forces to cross the pass and capture the Tor Kamar position, overlooking Zhawar, from where they could direct artillery fire at the Mujahideen base.

At this point the Mujahideen launched a counter-attack, led by their two T-55 tanks. The DRA were caught by surprise, as they had not expected to meet armour, and they fell back after sustaining heavy losses. The DRA commander tried to renew the assault, but by that time the Mujahideen had received reinforcements from Pakistan, and they were able to repel further attacks.

Finally after 42 days of fighting, the DRA units withdrew to their bases. This victory considerably boosted the morale of the Mujahideen.

See also

• Second Battle of Zhawar
• Soviet-Afghan War
• Afghan Civil War (1989-1992)
• Haqqani Network

Notes

1. In 1985, the area became part of the newly established Khost Province.^[3]

References

1. Jalali, Ali Ahmad. The Other Side of the Mountain: Mujahideen Tactics in the Soviet-Afghan War.
2. "THE CAMPAIGN FOR THE CAVES: THE BATTLES FOR ZHAWAR". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
3. Thomas Ruttig (2009). "Loya Paktia's Insurgency: The Haqqani Network as an Autonomous Entity" (PDF). p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2020.

Further reading

• Grau, Lester & Jalali, Ali Ahmad (September 2001). "The campaign for the caves: the battles for Zhawar in the Soviet-Afghan War". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 14 (3): 69–92. doi:10.1080/13518040108430488. S2CID 144936749.
• Westermann, Edward. "The Limits of Soviet Airpower: The Failure of Military Coercion in Afghanistan, 1979-89". University of New Brunswick Libraries. Retrieved 2007-03-29.
• Youssaf, Mohammad and Adkin Mark(1992), The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story; Leo Cooper