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Evelyn Marie Carmon Nicol (June 2, 1930 – May 27, 2020) was an American immunologist and microbiologist.[1] She was the first scientist to isolate the herpes zoster virus,[1] and is one of the few African American women to receive a patent in molecular biology, for a new production method of urokinase.[2]
Evelyn Marie Carmon Nicol | |
|---|---|
| Born | June 2, 1930 Little Rock, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | May 27, 2020 (aged 89) Weston, Connecticut, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Tuskegee University |
| Known for | Isolation of the herpes zoster (shingles) virus |
| Children | 3 |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Immunology, microbiology |
| Institutions | Carver Research Foundation Cleveland City Hospital Rand Development Corporation University of Kansas Medical Center Michael Reese Hospital Abbott Laboratories Baxter Pharmaceuticals |
| Academic advisors | Russel Brown Frederick C. Robbins John F. Enders |
Nicol was born in Little Rock, Kentucky. Her parents were Daniel Eugene Carmon, a schoolteacher, and Margarite Wilson Carmon, a homemaker.[1] She was 8th of 11 children.[2] In an interview for Lifeology, Nicol explained that despite her family having very little: "we used to have a lot of fun. You couldn't grow up any better than that."[2] As their local school was underfunded, and only went up to the eighth grade, Nicol's father took it upon himself to give the children extra homeschooling.[2]
During her high school years, Nicol worked as a domestic to earn money.[3] When she graduated from high school, Nicol was offered a scholarship at Tuskegee University to study Home Economics.[2] She moved to Alabama in 1949 to attend university,[3] but she chose to study Mathematics and Chemistry instead of Home Economics.[2] She funded her studies by working two jobs.[2] Nicol graduated at the top of her class in 1953 with a degree in Chemistry and Mathematics, and earned the Beta Kappa Chi and Alpha Kappa Mu honors.[1][3]
From 1953 to 1955, Nicol worked as a research assistant for the Salk Polio Project of the Carver Research Foundation.[3][2] Under the supervision of Dr. Russel W. Brown, she worked on developing the first polio vaccine using HeLa cell cultures.[2] Nicol then joined the Cleveland City Hospital, working with Frederick C. Robbins and John F. Enders.[1] There, she was the first person to successfully isolate the herpes zoster virus, which causes shingles, using amniotic cells in tissue culture.[1][2][3] In an interview for Lifeology, Nicol said: "Things just come to me. I don't know why. It just seems like common sense."[2]
Following these her early career successes, Nicol was recruited by Rand Development Corporation, where she worked on isolating the leukemia agent.[1] During this time, Nicol also worked for the University of Kansas Medical Centre, and the Michael Reese Hospital.[1]
Nicol then joined Abbott Laboratories as a research assistant in 1962.[2] There, she faced discrimination from her white colleagues, who would take credit for results and sabotage her work.[2] On 6 January 1976, Nicol patented a new technique to increase the production yield of urokinase (U.S. Patent No. 3,930,944),[4] an enzyme used to dissolve blood clots.[1] She was one of the few African American women to be awarded a patent in molecular biology at that time.[2] Among her many achievements while working at Abbott, Nicol successfully developed a test for toxoplasmosis in pregnant women, and an interferon assay.[2]
In 1985, Nicol was recruited by Baxter Pharmaceuticals.[1] Within their hepatitis research and development group, known as Pandex, Nicol led the retrovirology division, which produced testing kits for blood-borne diseases such as HIV and human T-cell lymphotropic virus.[5][2][3] Two blind studies funded by Abbott Pharmaceuticals determined that the testing kits produced under Nicol's leadership were the best available.[1] While at Baxter pharmaceuticals, Nicol used her seniority to combat workplace discrimination, and advocate for fairer hiring practices.[2][3] For example, she hired Linda Smith, whose resume had initially been rejected, likely because she had studied at a historically Black university.[2]
While she was working there, Pandex was bought by Nicol's former employer Abbott Laboratories. Nicol retired in 1990, refusing to work for a company that had been so openly discriminatory.[2][3]
Nicol had three children.[2] Upon retirement, she lived in Waukegan, Illinois, and later in Weston, Connecticut.[3] Retirement allowed Evelyn to partake in her many hobbies such as oil painting, bridge, and tennis to name a few.[2] At the age of 89, Nicol was hospitalized for a stroke, and was diagnosed with COVID-19. She died from complications of the virus in May 2020.[1]
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