Erev Rav

Erev Rav (Hebrew: עֵרֶב רַב ‘êreḇ raḇ "mixed multitude") was a group that included Egyptians and others who had joined the Tribes of Israel on the Exodus.^[1] According to Jewish tradition, they were accepted by Moses as an integral part of the people. Their influence is said to have been involved in the golden calf and other incidents where the people questioned Moses and his laws.^[2][3]

The Adoration of the Golden Calf by Nicolas Poussin

Etymology

According to contemporary Jewish Orthodox commentary Da'at Miqra, the words roughly correspond to the "mixed many", while Targum Onkelos translates it as "many foreigners". The term appears in Exodus 12:38: "A mixed crowd also went up with them, and livestock in great numbers, both flocks and herds".^[4] The "mixed crowd" is an English rendering of Erev Rav. While Exodus 12:38 is the only mention of the complete term Erev Rav in the entire Tanakh, the term Erev by itself (which also means evening in Hebrew),^[5] also appears in Nehemiah 13:3, where it is used to refer to non-Jews.^[6] Biblical scholar Shaul Bar has suggested that the term may have referred specifically to foreign mercenaries who intermarried with the Israelite people in Egypt.^[6] Israel Knohl suggested that the word erev may be cognate to the Akkadian urbi, referring to a kind of soldier.

Jewish tradition

According to Isaac Luria, in every generation the souls of the Erev Rav are reincarnated in numerous individuals.^[7] The Zohar, which is the foundational text for Kabbalistic thought, explains the Erev Rav are the cause for most of the problems affecting the Jewish people.^[8] Currently, the term Erev Rav is used by Israeli Jews in a derogatory manner to describe someone who is perceived as a traitor.^[9]

Recently, progressive interpretations see Erev Rav in a positive frame, as "a mixed multitude of people from all walks of life — who set out together in pursuit of something better." In this reading, the Erev Rav suggests that the fate of Jewish people is connected to the fate of all peoples and that Jewish safety cannot exist in isolation.^[10]

See also

• Am ha'aretz
• Bo (parashah) § In medieval Jewish interpretation (Exodus chapter 12)

References

1. T. Desmond Alexander; David W. Baker (13 January 2003). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press. p. 456. ISBN 978-0-8308-1781-8.
2. Lundgren, Svante (2001). Particularism and Universalism in Modern Jewish Thought. Academic studies in the history of Judaism. Binghamton, New York: Global Academic Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 9781586841058. Retrieved 6 September 2022. The great disaster in Jewish history, the sin of the golden calf, was in the view of The Zohar the fault of Gentiles, the 'mixed multitude' that joined and mingled with the Israelites.
3. "Tanchuma". Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart. Retrieved 2024-02-28.
4. Exodus 12:38
5. In Hebrew spelling without niqqud (vowel-points) the erev for evening and the erev for "mixed" are spelled identically. However, the first vowel in the two words is written and pronounced differently: evening has a segol, while mixed has a tzere.
6. Bar, Shaul. "Who Were The Mixed Multitudes?" Hebrew Studies, vol. 49, 2008, pp. 27–39., (www.jstor.org/stable/27913875).
7. Student, Gil (2002). Can The Rebbe Be Moshiach?: Proofs from Gemara, Midrash, and Rambam that the Rebbe zt"l cannot be Moshiach. Universal Publishers. p. 79. ISBN 1581126115.
8. "The initial letters of the words Rosh Bnei Yisrael (ראש בני ישראל, the heads of the Jewish people) spell ReBY ( רבי, teacher). This indicates that the Jews require a qualified teacher to transmit God’s message. The initial letters of the words Rasha'im Ba-choshekh Yidamu (רשעים בחשך ידמו, the wicked are cut off in darkness) (I Samuel 2: 9) also spell ReBY (רבי) (Likutey Moharan I, 111). In this case, it is a reference to unworthy people who wrest the leadership of the Jews from genuine teachers. These false leaders, who are referred to as the "mixed multitude", will eventually be "cut off". And then, the Zohar (III, 297b) teaches: "When the mixed multitude leaves the presence of the Jews, the verse 'Count the heads of the Jewish people' will be fulfilled"."
9. "What Is Erev Rav". Times of Israel. 11 February 2016.
10. Hagans, Jamie Beran and Graie (2024-06-21). "Our Fates are Intertwined: Lessons from the Erev Rav". The Forward. Retrieved 2024-08-01.