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The Polish energy sector is the fifth largest in Europe.[1] By the end of 2023, the installed generation capacity had reached 55.216 GW,[2] while electricity consumption for that year was 167.52 TWh and generation was 163.63 TWh,[3] with 26% of this coming from renewables.[4]
In detail, the data presents as follows (year-over-year changes from 2022 in brackets):[2][3][4]
9.82%)
3.44%)
6.58%)
34.72%)
20.18%) 12.71%) 26.41%)
36.48%)Poland's energy and climate policies are primarily outlined in two documents: the National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), which is mandatory for all countries in the European Union (EU), and the country-specific Energy Policy of Poland 2040 (EPP2040). The NECP lays out the necessary policies and measures for Poland to meet its energy sector goals as established by EU directives. Meanwhile, the EPP2040 serves as the national framework for the country's energy transition, aligned with the NECP, with the aim of putting the country on a path to a zero-carbon economy.[5]
PEP2040 is a government plan for the Polish fuel and energy sector, which envisions expanding renewables capacity, building offshore wind farms, and commissioning a nuclear power plant.[6] The plan was adopted in February 2021,[5] aiming to tackle climate change, energy security, and a just transition.[7] Poland aims to build 6–9 GW of nuclear power by 2040,[8] with the first reactor operational by 2032 or 2033.[9]
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CO2 emissions: |
In 2009 Poland produced 78 megatonnes (Mt) of hard coal and 57 Mt of brown coal. As of 2020, extraction is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive, and has become uncompetitive so reliant on government subsidies.[11][12] In September 2020, the government and mining unions agreed a plan to phase out coal by 2049,[13] with coal used in power generation falling to negligible levels in 2032.[14]
The Bełchatów Power Station in the Łódź region supplies almost 20% of Poland's energy. It is the largest brown coal power plant in the EU, and also the single biggest source of CO2 emissions in the region.[15]
In 2020, coal played a significant role in Poland's energy mix, making up 69.5% of the nation's energy production and 68.5% of its electricity generation. It accounted for 40.2% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). The largest portion of coal consumption was in electricity and heat generation, representing 75.6% of the total demand. The industrial sector followed, utilizing 14.5%, and buildings were responsible for 9.9% of coal usage.[16][5]
During the April 2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute, Russia cut off natural gas deliveries to Poland after demanding to be paid in Russian rubles during currency disruptions caused by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[17]
In September 2022 a gas pipeline connecting Poland with Denmark, allowing gas from Norway to pass through to Poland was commissioned.[18]
In 2020, natural gas constituted a notable component of Poland's energy mix, representing 6% of energy production and 17% of the Total Energy Supply (TES). The industrial sector emerged as the primary consumer, consuming 49% of the total natural gas. Residential buildings followed with a 23% share, co-generation processes accounted for 19%, service sector buildings utilized 7%, and the transport sector comprised the smallest share at 2%.[5]
| 2013[19] | 2014[19] | 2015[20] | 2016[20] | 2017[20] | 2018[20] | 2019[21] | 2020[21] | 2021[21] | 2022[22] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renewable energy share of heating and cooling sector | 14.07% | 13.95% | 14.54% | 14.68% | 14.48% | 14.56% | 22,00% | 22.14% | 21.00% | 22.71% |
| Renewable energy share of electricity sector | 10.73% | 12.40% | 13.43% | 13.36% | 13.09% | 13.03% | 14.36% | 16.24% | 17.17% | 21.01% |
| Renewable energy share of transport sector | 6.03% | 5.67% | 5.62% | 3.92% | 4.20% | 5.63% | 6.20% | 6.58% | 5.66% | 5.53% |
| Renewable energy share of total energy consumption | 11.34% | 11.45% | 11.74% | 11.27% | 10.90% | 11.16% | 15.38% | 16.13% | 15.61% | 16.81% |
As of 2015 Biomass and waste was the largest source of renewable energy in Poland providing an estimated 8.9% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in that year and an estimated 6.1% of electricity generation.[23] In 2019 there were 1,142 MW installed capacity power.[24]
Solid biomass is the most important source by volume, providing fuel for heat and power plants or consumed directly for industrial or household heat requirements. Biogasses are also used in heat and power plants as well whilst waste is mainly used as a fuel in industry.[23] In 2014 0.7 Mtoe of biofuels were used in transport, 81% as biodiesel and 19% as biogasoline, making up 5% of the total energy consumption in the transport sector in 2014.[23]
As of December 31, 2023, Poland had a total of 9,428.3 MW in wind power grid-connected capacity.[25][26] Poland's 2040 energy plan (PEP2040) forecasts that that the country will install up to 20 GW of land-based grid-connected wind power.[27] However, a report from April 2024 highlights that Poland's integration of wind power into the national grid has encountered significant challenges. Despite ambitious plans for expansion, the practical implementation faces operational difficulties. For instance, due to favorable weather conditions leading to an electricity oversupply, wind farms with a capacity of about 1.9 gigawatts had to be shut down on a specific Sunday. This curtailment was part of a broader adjustment affecting 4.5 gigawatts of renewable energy, necessitated by low demand at the time, even though renewables were supplying over half of the national power demand, which stood at 17.7 gigawatts. This incident underscores the complex challenges of managing intermittent energy sources within a grid that still relies significantly on coal. With a current installed capacity of 10.1 gigawatts, Poland continues to navigate the intricacies of integrating a growing share of renewable energy into its power infrastructure.[28]
Offshore wind
In September 2020, the government announced a 130 billion zloty (£26.5 billion) plan to invest in offshore wind.[13]
Poland's "Offshore Wind Act" came into force in 2020.[29] The main purpose of the Act is to set the framework for a dedicated subsidy scheme for offshore wind projects. However, it also addresses other relevant issues pertaining to the development and operation of offshore projects.[30]
According to Polish Wind Energy Association (PWEA), offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea with an overall capacity of 5.9 GW are set to "receive support under a two-sided contract for difference between the investor and the regulator. Awarding support under this formula will be time-limited until the end of June 2021." In a second phase, contracts are planned to be awarded by auctions. The first is to take place in 2025. The PWEA said that support will be available for projects with a total capacity of 2.5 GW in each of the auctions.[31] By 2050, Poland wants a massive 28 GW in offshore sector, which would make Poland the largest operator of offshore wind in the Baltic Sea.[32]
On 1 July 2020 representatives of the Polish government and Polish wind energy industry signed a “Letter of Intent on cooperation for development of offshore wind power in Poland”. The letter acknowledges the role of offshore wind in meeting the European Union's Green Deal objectives while increasing the security of energy supply and reducing Poland's CO2 emissions.[33]
In its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) Poland identified offshore wind as one of key technologies to meet its goals for renewable energy for 2030. Offshore wind has also been described as strategic in the draft of Poland's Energy Policy until 2040, with around 19 GW forecast to be constructed.[27] It will help with diversifying Poland's national power generation structure that today heavily depends on coal.[34]
| Name | Location | Coordinates | Capacity (MWe) | Type | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Żarnowiec | Pomorskie | 680 | pumped storage | [35] | |
| Żar | Śląskie | 500 | pumped storage | [36] | |
| Solina | Solina | 200 | pumped storage | [37] | |
| Włocławek | Kujawsko-Pomorskie | 160 | river dam | [38] | |
| Żydowo | Zachodniopomorskie | 150 | pumped storage | [39] | |
| Niedzica | Małopolskie | 92.75 | pumped storage | [40][41] | |
| Dychów | Lubuskie | 90 | pumped storage | [42] | |
| Rożnów | Małopolskie | 50 | run of the river | [43][44] | |
| Grajówka | Lubuskie | 2.79 | run of the river | [45][46] | |
| Future planned plants | |||||
| Młoty (slated to be completed by 2030) | Dolnośląskie | 1050 | pumped storage | [47] | |
A 2023 study suggested that Poland is currently only using around 15% of its total hydroelectric power capacity.[48] Poland currently has 786 hydroelectric power plants, the vast majority of which (705) are relatively small, generating no more than 1 MW. Many of the smaller power plants are privately owned by small firms and family businesses, with the bigger ones owned by major electricity producers or the state.[48]
In 2019, the Polish government launched a scheme called "Mój Prąd",[49] which is dedicated to supporting the development of prosumer energy, and specifically supporting the segment of photovoltaic (PV) micro-installations. The budget of the program is currently PLN 1.1 billion.[50]
As a result, in recent years there has been a significant increase in power in this segment of the energy sector. The total solar photovoltaics (PV) grid-connected capacity in Poland was 17,057.1 MW as of 31 December 2023.[51][52]
| 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.3 | 2 | 110.9 | 193.9 | 287 | 486.5 | 3,960 | 7,670 | 12,189 | 17,057 |
Poland is planning to have its first nuclear reactor built by 2032-33.[9]
Poland aims to integrate nuclear energy into its Energy Policy of Poland 2040, with plans to operationalize its first nuclear reactor, having a capacity of 1-1.6 gigawatts (GW), by 2033, and to establish six reactors with a combined capacity of 6-9 GW by 2043. This initiative is expected to enable nuclear power to contribute up to 16% of the nation's energy generation by 2040. The Polish Nuclear Power Programme (PNPP), launched in 2014 and updated in 2020, details these objectives, including safety, decommissioning, and waste management.[5]
As of 2020, Poland had 1.7GW of pumped hydro capacity and 9MW of battery storage capacity. Those systems are mainly used for system balancing. As part of its 2040 energy plan, Poland aims to build an additional 1 GW of energy storage (which does not include any additional pumped hydro capacities).[68]
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