Emperor Ōjin

Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇, Ōjin-tennō), also known as Hondawake no Mikoto (誉田別尊) (alternatively spelled 譽田別命, 誉田別命, 品陀和気命, 譽田分命, 誉田別尊, 品陀別命) or Homuta no Sumeramikoto (譽田天皇), was the 15th (possibly legendary) Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.^[3][4] Both the Kojiki, and the Nihon Shoki (collectively known as the Kiki) record events that took place during Ōjin's alleged lifetime. Ōjin is traditionally listed as the first emperor of the Kofun period, and is primarily known for being the controversial son of Empress Jingū. Historians have mixed views on his factual existence; if Ōjin was indeed a historical figure, then it is assumed he reigned much later than he is attested.

Emperor Ōjin 応神天皇
Painting depicting Emperor Ōjin and his attendant Takenouchi no Sukune, Edo period.
Emperor of Japan
Reign	270–310 (traditional)[1]
Predecessor	Jingū (de facto)[lower-alpha 1] Chūai (traditional)
Successor	Nintoku
Born	201[2] Umi (Fukuoka)
Died	310 (aged 108–109) Karushima no Toyoakira (Nara)
Burial	Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi (惠我藻伏崗陵) (Osaka)
Spouse	Nakatsuhime-no-Mikoto
Issue among others...	Emperor Nintoku
Posthumous name Chinese-style shigō: Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇) Japanese-style shigō: Homuta no Sumeramikoto (誉田天皇)
House	Imperial House of Japan
Father	Emperor Chūai
Mother	Empress Jingū
Religion	Shinto

No firm dates can be assigned to Ōjin's life or reign, but he is traditionally considered to have reigned from 270 to 310.^[5] According to the Shinto religion and Buddhism in Japan, Emperor Ōjin is the divine spirit of the deity Hachiman (八幡神). While the location of Ōjin's grave (if any) is unknown, he is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb. Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the title of "Emperor" and the name "Ōjin" was used by later generations to describe this possibly legendary Emperor.

Legendary narrative

The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Ōjin is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (記紀) or Japanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since been exaggerated and/or distorted over time. The circumstances surrounding the future emperor's birth are controversial as they involve a supposed invasion of the Korean Peninsula as well as a biologically impossible gestation period (3 years). It is said by the Kiki that Ōjin was conceived but unborn when his father Emperor Chūai died. Empress Jingū then became a de facto ruler who allegedly invaded a "promised land" (Korea) out of revenge, then returned three years later to the Japanese mainland to give birth. The records state that Ōjin was born to Empress Jingū in Tsukushi Province sometime in 201 AD, and was given the name Homutawake (誉田別尊). He became the crown prince at the age of four, but was not crowned Emperor until 270 AD at the age of 70. Emperor Ōjin supposedly lived in two palaces which are now located in present-day Osaka. His reign lasted 40 years until his death in 310 AD, in all he fathered 28 children with one spouse and ten consorts. His fourth son Ōosazaki was later enthroned as the next emperor in 313 AD.^[6]

Known information

Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Ōjin.

While the historical existence of Emperor Ōjin is debated among historians, there is a general consensus that he was "probably real". There is also an agreement that Ojin's three year conception period is mythical and symbolic, rather than realistic. William George Aston has suggested that this can be interpreted as a period of less than nine months containing three "years" (some seasons), e.g. three harvests.^[7] If Ōjin was an actual historical figure then historians have proposed that he ruled later than attested.^[8][9][10] Dates of his actual reign have been proposed to be as early as 370 to 390 AD, to as late as the early 5th century AD.^[8] At least one Japanese historian has cast doubt on this theory though, by revising a supporting statement given in 1972. In this new narrative Louis Perez states: "only kings and emperors after the reign of Ojin... ...are seen as historical figures".^[11][12] In either case there is also no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Ōjin's reign has been assigned. It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Ōjin-tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations.^[13]

While the actual site of Ōjin's grave is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a kofun-type Imperial tomb in Osaka. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Ōjin's mausoleum, and is formally named Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi.^[14] At some point Ōjin was made a guardian Kami of the Hata clan, and is now also deified as Hachiman Daimyōjin.^{[lower-alpha 2]} Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei^{[lower-alpha 3]} (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.^[16] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu^{[lower-alpha 4]} between 737 and 806 AD.^[17]

Family

Emperor Ōjin's family allegedly consisted of 28 children, which include 2 unnamed princesses from a previous marriage. He had one spouse who bore him a son that would become the next Emperor, as well as 10 consorts.

Spouse & concubines

Nakatsuhime Kami Statue

Position	Name	Father	Issue
Kōgō	Nakatsu-hime (仲姫命)	Homudamawaka	• Princess Arata  • Prince Netori  • Prince Ōosazaki[lower-alpha 5] (later Emperor Nintoku)
Consort	Takaki no iri-hime [ja] (高城入姫命)	Homudamawaka	• Prince Izanomawaka  • Princess Komukuta  • Prince Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko  • Princess Ohara  • Prince Ōyamamori
Consort	Oto-hime (弟姫命)	Homudamawaka	• Princess Ahe  • Princess Awaji no Mihara  • Princess Ki no Uno  • Princess Mino no Iratsume  • Princess Shigehara
Consort	Miyanushiyaka-hime (宮主宅媛)	Wani no Hifure no Omi	• Princess Metori  • Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko  • Princess Yata
Consort	Onabe-hime (小甂媛)	Wani no Hifure no Omi	• Princess Uji no Wakiiratsu-hime
Consort	Okinaga Mawakanakatsu-hime (息長真若中比売)	Kawamata Nakatsuhiko	• Prince Wakanuke no Futamata
Consort	Ito-hime (糸媛)	Sakuraitabe no Muraji Shimatarine	• Prince Hayabusawake
Consort	Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime (日向泉長媛)	Un­known	• Princess Hatabi no Wakairatsume  • Prince Ōhae  • Prince Ohae
Consort	Kaguro-hime (迦具漏比売)	Sumeiroōnakatsuhiko[lower-alpha 6]	• Prince Kataji  • Princess Kawarata no Iratsume  • Princess Tama no Iratsume
Consort	Katsuragi no Irome (葛城野伊呂売)	Takenouchi no Sukune	• Prince Izanomawaka[lower-alpha 7]
Consort	E-hime (兄媛)	Kibi-no-Takehiko	—

Issue

Status	Name	Mother	Comments
Princess	Arata (荒田皇女)	Nakatsu-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Prince	Ōosazaki (大鷦鷯尊)	Nakatsu-hime	Would later become Emperor Emperor Nintoku.
Prince	Netori (根鳥皇子)	Nakatsu-hime	Ancestor of Ōta no Kimi (大田君), married Princess Awaji no Mihara (see below).
Prince	Izanomawaka (去来真稚皇子)	Takakiiri-hime	Ancestor of Fukakawawake (深河別).
Prince	Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko (額田大中彦皇子)	Takakiiri-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Prince	Ōyamamori (大山守皇子)	Takakiiri-hime	Ōyamamori died in 310 AD.[lower-alpha 8]
Princess	Komukuta (澇来田皇女)	Takakiiri-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Princess	Ōhara (大原皇女)	Takakiiri-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Princess	Ahe (阿倍皇女)	Oto-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Princess	Awaji no Mihara (淡路御原皇女)	Oto-hime	Married to Prince Netori
Princess	Ki no Uno (紀之菟野皇女)	Oto-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Princess	Mino no Iratsume (三野郎女)	Oto-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Princess	Shigehara (滋原皇女)	Oto-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Prince	Uji no Wakiiratsuko (菟道稚郎子皇子)	Miyanushiyaka-hime	Uji was a Crown Prince.
Princess	Metori (雌鳥皇女)	Miyanushiyaka-hime	Metori died in 353 AD, and was married to Prince "Hayabusawake" (see below).
Princess	Yata (矢田皇女)	Miyanushiyaka-hime	Yata was later married to Emperor Nintoku.
Princess	Uji no Wakiiratsu-hime (菟道稚郎女皇女)	Onabe-hime	Uji was later married to Emperor Nintoku.
Prince	Wakanuke no Futamata (稚野毛二派皇子)	Okinaga Mawakanakatsu-hime	Ancestor of Okinaga clan (息長君), and great-grandfather of Emperor Keitai.
Prince	Hayabusawake (隼総別皇子)	Ito-hime	Hayabusawake was the husband of Princess Metori (雌鳥皇女).
Prince	Ōhae (大葉枝皇子)	Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Prince	Ohae (小葉枝皇子)	Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Princess	Kusakanohatabino-hime (草香幡梭皇女)	Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime	Hatabi was later married to Emperor Richū
Princess	Kawarata no Iratsume (川原田郎女)	Kaguro-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Princess	Tama no Iratsume (玉郎女)	Kaguro-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Prince	Kataji (迦多遅王)	Kaguro-hime	Very little is known about this person.
Prince	Izanomawaka (伊奢能麻和迦王 – 去来真稚皇子)	Katsuragi no Irome	Very little is known about this person.

Family tree

v t e Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses

Nunakawahime[18] Ōkuninushi[19][20]: 278  (Ōnamuchi)[21] Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[22] Kotoshironushi[23][24] Tamakushi-hime[22] Takeminakata[25][26] Susa Clan[27] 1 Jimmu[28] 1Himetataraisuzu-hime[28] Kamo no Okimi[23][29] Mirahime [ja] 2 Suizei[30][31][32][33][34][35] 2Isuzuyori-hime[33][34][35][29][36] Kamuyaimimi[30][31][32] 3 Annei[37][23][33][34][35] 〔Ō clan[38][39]〕 〔Aso clan[40]〕 3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[41][23] Kamo clan Takakuraji Miwa clan 4 Itoku[37][23] Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][37] Ame no Murakumo [ja] 4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][37] Amaoshio no mikoto [ja] 5 Emperor Kōshō[37][23][42] 5Yosotarashi-hime[23] Okitsu Yoso [ja] 6 Emperor Kōan[23] Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][42] Owari clan 6Oshihime [ja][23][42] 〔Wani clan〕[43] 7 Emperor Kōrei[44][23][42][45] 7Kuwashi-hime[45] 8 Emperor Kōgen[46][45] 8Utsushikome [ja][46] Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[44] Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[47] Wakatakehiko [ja] 9Ikagashikome[lower-alpha 9] [49][50] Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][50] 9 Emperor Kaika[46] Prince Ohiko [ja][51] 〔Kibi clan〕 Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][50] 10 Emperor Sujin[52][53] 10Mimaki-hime[54] 〔Abe clan〕[51] Takenouchi no Sukune[50] 11 Emperor Suinin[55][56] 11Saho-hime[57] 12Hibasu-hime [ja][58] Yasaka Iribiko[59][60][61] Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][62] Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][44] Yamatohime-no-mikoto[63] 〔Katsuragi clan〕 13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja] 12 Emperor Keiko[56][58] 14Yasakairi-hime [ja][59][60][61] Otoyo no mikoto [ja] Futaji Irihime [ja][64] Yamato Takeru[65][66] Miyazu-hime Takeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko 13Emperor Seimu[65][66] 14Emperor Chūai[65][66] [67] 15Empress Jingū[68] Homuda Mawaka 15Emperor Ōjin[68] 16Nakatsuhime[69][70][71] 16Emperor Nintoku[72]

See also

• Emperor of Japan
• Hachiman
• Imperial cult
• List of Emperors of Japan

Notes

1. Jingū's reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact. Modern historians have labeled her as an "Empress regent", who was the de facto ruler until Homutawake (Ōjin) became emperor.
2. Ōjin's Hachiman name is translated to "Guardian of warriors"
3. The 29th Emperor^[4][15]
4. Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
5. It is only known that "Ōosazaki" was the Fourth son of Emperor Ōjin. No mention is given about a numerical order of sons or daughters other than this historical footnote.
6. Additionally, there are 2 more unnamed princesses speculated to be Prince "Wakanuke no Futamata"s daughters.
7. This is unconfirmed
8. Ōyamamori is also known as being an ancestor of Hijikata no Kimi (土形君) and Haibara no Kimi (榛原君).
9. There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.^[48]

Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom

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Further reading

• Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
• Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
• Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May 1919. OCLC 1882339
• Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
• Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
• Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
• Wakabayashi, Tadashi. (1995). Japanese loyalism reconstrued: Yamagata Daini's Ryūshi shinron of 1759. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824816674; OCLC 31078696

Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor Chūai	Emperor of Japan: Ōjin 270–310 (traditional dates)	Succeeded by Emperor Nintoku