Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles

Not to be confused with Domhnall of Islay.

Donald, Lord of the Isles (Scottish Gaelic: Dómhnall; died 1423), was the son and successor of John of Islay, Lord of the Isles and chief of Clan Donald. The Lordship of the Isles was based in and around the Scottish west-coast island of Islay, but under Donald's father had come to include most of the isles and the lands of Somerled, the King of the Isles in the 12th century, Donald's predecessor, including Morvern, Garmoran, Lochaber, Kintyre and Knapdale on the mainland.

Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles
18th century illustration of some of the tombs of Oronsay Priory, founded by Donalds's father John sometime before 1358
Predecessor	John of Islay, Lord of the Isles
Successor	Alexander of Islay, Earl of Ross
Born	Scotland
Died	1423 Islay, Scotland
Spouse	Mary Leslie, Countess of Ross
Issue	Alexander Macdonald, 10th Earl of Ross Angus Macdonald Anna Macdonald
House	Clan Donald
Father	John of Islay, Lord of the Isles
Mother	Margaret of Scotland

Donald was the grandson of King Robert II of Scotland and first cousin of King Robert III; he took pride in his royal blood, even adopting the royal tressure to surround his coat of arms.

While it is customary to portray the Lords of the Isles as divorced from the mainstream of Scottish political life, and as representatives of a brand of lordship distinct from the rest of Scotland, this view obscures the fact that Donald was only one of many magnates who held large lordships with little interference from the crown in late 14th and early 15th century Scotland.^[1] The Douglas kindred of southern Scotland and the Albany Stewarts had similar roles to Donald.

Early rule

Donald spent some of his first years as Lord of the Isles suppressing a revolt by his brother John Mór. John was Donald's younger brother, and resented his meagre inheritance. Although he was recognised as heir-apparent (tànaiste) until Donald produced a son, he only received patches of land in Kintyre and Islay. The rebellion initiated by the MacKinnons, including their chief, Niall and the "Green Abbot" of Iona, started in 1387 and went on into the 1390s. The MacKinnons and John obtained the support of the MacLean and MacLeod kindreds. However, John and the MacKinnons were defeated. The MacKinnon chief was hanged, the MacKinnon abbot was imprisoned for life on Iona. Eventually, John submitted to Donald, who forgave him. John Mór had fled to Ulster where he married Margery Bisset and became the Lord of Dunyvaig and the Glens. Like Donald, he was allied with the English kings, Richard II of England and Henry IV.

Conflict with the Stewarts

Suppression of the revolt enabled Donald to turn his attention northwards and eastwards. Most of the area to the north and east of the Lordship, that is Skye, Ross, Badenoch and Urquhart, was under the control of Alexander Stewart, Earl of Buchan, famously known as the "Wolf of Badenoch". The Stewarts had been building up their power in the central Highlands and north of Scotland since the death of John Randolph, 3rd Earl of Moray in 1346. Alexander had acquired control of the lordship of Badenoch, the earldom of Buchan and the Justiciarship of Scotia. He had been appointed "Lieutenant of the North", giving him the flexibility to exercise total control over most of Scotland north of the mounth. Alexander was at once the de facto ruler of northern Scotland as well as how the crown itself exercised control.

However, there had been complaints over the activities of his caterans (war bands). More importantly, Alexander's position had become threatening not only to the crown, but also to Euphemia I, Countess of Ross, her son Alexander and the titular Dunbar Earl of Moray. Late in 1388, soon after becoming Guardian of the Kingdom, Robert Stewart, Earl of Fife (created Duke of Albany in 1398) deprived Alexander of the Justiciarship. The assault on Alexander's position continued into the 1390s. Donald and his brother Alexander of Lochaber were in a perfect position to benefit. In 1394, the latter entered a 17-year agreement with the Earl of Moray, taking over Alexander Stewart's role as "protector" of the wealthy comital and episcopal lands in the Moray lowlands. The MacDonalds were in possession of Urquhart Castle by the end of 1395, and had given control of the Duart Castle to Maclean of Duart.

The Guardian soon turned his hostility against Donald and his family. Alexander of Lochaber had been using his role as "protector" to further his own lordship, including granting episcopal lands to his military followers. In 1398, Robert Stewart (now Duke of Albany) was called upon to take action, but the well-prepared expedition in the end came to nothing. Lochaber continued his activities, and in a raid of 1402 burned the burgh of Elgin along with the manses of the canons belonging to Elgin Cathedral. For this, he was excommunicated by William Spynie, bishop of Moray. Later in the year Alexander visited Spynie to seek forgiveness and was thereafter absolved.

The Earldom of Ross

In the same year, following the death of Alexander Leslie, Earl of Ross, Donald pressed the claims of Mariota, Alexander Leslie's sister and Donald's wife, to the possession of Ross. Donald attempted to gain control of the earldom. Sometime after 1405 but before 1411, Donald gained control of Dingwall Castle, the chief seat of the earldom and was welcomed to Ross by the people. In the year after the death of the nominal king, Robert III, Donald sent emissaries to England, to make contact with the heir of the Scottish throne, the captive and, as yet, uncrowned James Stewart. King Henry IV of England sent his own emissaries to Donald in the following year to negotiate an alliance against Albany.

With control over the principal seat of the earldom of Ross and support of the exiled heir to the Scottish throne, in 1411 Donald felt strong enough that he was in pursuit of a noble cause, so he marched an army of 10,000 Islesmen and Ross vassals against Albany's main northern ally, Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar. At the Battle of Harlaw, Donald won a decisive victory, and thereafter returned to the western Highlands and Isles.^[2]

In the aftermath, Albany was able to retake Dingwall and seize control of Easter Ross. In 1415, the heir of Alexander Leslie, Euphemia II, resigned the earldom to Albany. Donald prepared for war and proclaimed himself "Lord of Ross". Although Albany appointed his own son John Stewart to the earldom, Donald's wife continued to regard herself as the rightful Countess.

Donald died in 1423 in Islay. He was succeeded by his son Alexander.^[3]who became Lord of the Isles and Earl of Ross.

Marriage and children

He married Mariota Leslie of Ross, who ultimately gained the title Countess of Ross. They had several children:

• Alexander Macdonald, 10th Earl of Ross who died on 7 May 1449
• Angus Macdonald, who became Bishop of the Isles
• Mariota Macdonald, whose first husband was Gillespie Campbell. They had no known children. Her second husband was Alexander Sutherland of Dunbeath. Their only known child was Marjory.
• Anna Macdonald, who married Robert Maclayman Lamont, 5th Laird of Clan Lamont
• Agnes Macdonald, who married John Stewart, 2nd Lord of Lorn
• Marjory Macdonald, who married Roderick MacNeil, 10th of Barra, 30th Chief.

Fiction

The Strongest Heart, 2023, part of The Clan Donald Saga by Regan Walker

Notes

1. McNeill and MacQueen, Atlas, p. 206
2. MacDonald, Iain G., Donald of the Isles and the Earldom of Ross: West-Highland Perspectives on the Battle of Harlaw (‘Macdonald had the victory but the governor had the printer’) June 2011, published for Harlaw Remembered, commemorating the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Harlaw by The Elphinstone Institute, University of Aberdeen. See also, Irish Annals of Connacht, where under the year 1411 it states, "Mac Domnaill of Scotland won a great victory over the Galls of Scotland. Mac Gilla Eoin [Hector MacLean], one of Mac Domnaill’s followers, was killed in the resistance of the vanquished."
3. Henderson 1893.

References

• Boardman, Stephen, The Early Stewart Kings: Robert II and Robert III, 1371–1406, (East Linton, 1996)
• Brown, Michael, James I, (East Linton, 1994)
• McNeill, Peter G. B.; MacQueen, Hector L.; Lyons, Anna May, eds. (2000), Atlas of Scottish History to 1707 (reprinted with corrections ed.), Edinburgh: The Scottish Medievalists and Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh, ISBN 0-9503904-1-0
• Oram, Richard, "The Lordship of the Isles, 1336–1545", in Donald Omand (ed.) The Argyll Book, (Edinburgh, 2005), pp. 123–39
• Henderson, Thomas Finlayson (1893). "Macdonald, Donald" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 35. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Preceded by John	Lord of the Isles 1386–1423	Succeeded by Alexander