Diapensia lapponica

Diapensia lapponica, the pincushion plant, is a plant in the family Diapensiaceae, the only circumboreal species in the genus Diapensia, the others being mainly in the Himalaya and on mountains in southwestern China. This species likely became circumboreal-circumpolar [Arctic–alpine] after it jumped to arctic habitat from North China and Russia. The most likely candidate for ancestor is a white-flowered D. purpurea^[1] The plants grow on exposed rocky ridges that are kept free from snow by high winds.^[2] Diapensia lapponica is extremely slow and low-growing and cannot compete with plants that overtop it. The plant is very sensitive to higher temperatures and so is often in misty foggy habitat.^[3] It usually dies when transplanted to lowland gardens^[4] and so this is not recommended. Cold-treated or wild and winter-collected seed will germinate indoors. The seed and leaves are high in lipids.

Diapensia lapponica
Diapensia lapponica subsp. obovata in Japan
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Diapensiaceae
Genus:	Diapensia
Species:	D. lapponica
Binomial name
Diapensia lapponica L.
Subspecies
D. l. subsp. lapponica D. l. subsp. obovata

It is a small cushion-forming evergreen perennial shrub, up to 15 centimetres (6 in) in height, and can trap heat in the dome.^[5] It has oval blunt leathery toothless leaves, up to 1 cm (0.4 in) long, which are arranged in dense rosettes. It bears solitary white flowers (rarely pink), on stems up to 3 cm (1.2 in) tall.

It could be aged by counting growth-rings or clump diameter, and on this basis, many Canadian plants are thought to live to over a century or two.^[6]

In places such as Newfoundland an early June and later, (often) August blooming period occurs on different plants.^[7] It is not known if this is a genetic or environmental affect. Two blooming periods are known for other plants. It often involves flower buds being formed in the present or previous year (overwintering buds).^[8]

Subspecies

• Diapensia lapponica subsp. lapponica in eastern North America, Greenland, Iceland, Scotland, Scandinavia, and western Arctic Russia. It forms tussocks and its leaves are oblong‑oblanceolate to narrowly spatulate.
• Diapensia lapponica subsp. obovata in eastern Arctic Russia, Korea, Japan, Alaska and the Yukon. It forms mats because its branches can root adventitiously, and its leaf blades are obovate to spatulate‑elliptic.

The ranges of these two subspecies do not meet in north central Canada, and possibly not in central Siberia, so they are believed to be dispersing east and west from different glacial refugia.

Etymology

The name Diapensia lapponica was given by Linnaeus to designate a flower found in Lapland (Laponia > adj. lapponicus), where he traveled early in his career. Linnaeus's book about the flora of Lapland has been called "the first proto-modern flora".^[9] However, sources disagree on how Linnaeus might have derived the genus name, Diapensia. Gray states that the term was derived from the ancient Greek name of the sanicle,^[10] a very different looking flower, and opined that the term was "of obscure meaning [and] strangely applied . . . to this boreal plant." Webster's also reflects uncertainty stating the term is "New Latin, perhaps irregular from Greek dia pente by fives + New Latin -ia; from the five-leaved calyx",^[11] a description that would apply to thousands of flowering plants. The Encyclopaedia Londinensis of John Wilkes suggested that term is from Greek,"deeply grieving or mourning; probably from its situation".^[12]

Status in Britain

In Britain, Diapensia is found only at a single site near Glenfinnan in Lochaber, the species' most southerly site in Europe. Here, the species occurs on acidic soil among stones on the ridge between the summit of Sgùrr an Utha and the adjoining hill called Fraoch-bheinn, at 760–780 metres (2,490–2,560 ft) above sea-level. Its total extent at this site is less than 5,000 square metres (1.2 acres). A total of 1,200 clumps or mats have been counted, and monitoring since 1980 has not detected any change in this population.

The discovery of Diapensia took place in July 1951; C. F. Tebbutt, a birdwatcher, found the plant, recognising it as "something different".^[13] Diapensia was one of a trio of Arctic plants discovered in Scotland in the early 1950s. Although no new species to Britain had been discovered in Scotland since Victorian times, in 1950, the Arctic plant Koenigia islandica had been found on the Isle of Skye, and in 1952, Artemisia norvegica was found on Cùl Mòr.^[14] A photograph of the plant by Robert Moyes Adam taken on 14 June 1952 (soon after the initial discovery) is held by the St Andrews University Library.^[15]

It flowers at this site in May or June, the exact time varying from year to year. Some sources state that the species is found at a second site,^[16][17] but recent sources state that this is not the case.^[18][19]

The plant is listed in the 3rd edition of the British vascular plant Red Data Book^[18] as vulnerable. It is also protected under Schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981.

References

1. (Day R.T. 2003. Diapensia on Cheju Island, South Korea and Musings on Origins. Sarracenia 11(3):29-31.)
2. Tiffany, W. N. (1972). "Snow cover and the Diapensia lapponica habitat in the White Mountains, New Hampshire". Rhodora. 74: 358–377.
3. (R. Day thesis)
4. (trials in Newfoundland, by R.Day)
5. (R. Day thesis)
6. Day, R. T.; P. J. Scott (1985). "The biology of Diapensia lapponica in Newfoundland". The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 98 (4): 425–439. doi:10.5962/p.355186. See also the thesis by R. Day at Memorial University Newfoundland
7. Day R.T and Scott P.J. 1981. Autecological aspects of Diapensia lapponica in Newfoundland. Rhodora 83: 101-109.
8. (see R. Day thesis)
9. Frodin, D. G. (2001). "The evolution of floras". Guide to Standard Floras of the World: an Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists, and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–51. ISBN 978-0-521-79077-2.
10. Gray, Asa (1857). Manual of the botany of the northern United States. Including Virginia, Kentucky, and all east of the Mississippi: arranged according to the natural system (Revised ed.). New York, G. P. Putnam & Co.: G. P. Putnam & Co. p. 332.
11. "Merriam Webster Online Dictionary". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
12. Encyclopaedia Londinensis; or, Universal Dictionary of arts, Sciences, and Literature (Volume V ed.). London: John Wilkes. 1810. p. 799.
13. Grant Roger, J. (1952). "Diapensia lapponica in Scotland". Transactions of the Botanical Society of Scotland. 36: 34–37. doi:10.1080/13594865209441589.
14. Marren, Peter (1999). Britain's Rare Flowers. Academic Press, London. ISBN 0-85661-114-X.
15. "Diapensia lapponica, single cushion between rocks, summit ridge between Sgurr an Utha and Fraoch-bheinn, Glenfinnan Hills". University of St Andrews. Archived from the original on February 5, 2012.
16. Garrard, Ian; David Streeter. The Wild flowers of the British Isles. Midsummer Books, London.
17. "Wildlife in Glenfinnan". Glenfinnan Estate.
18. Wigginton, M. J. (1999). British Red Data Books 1. Vascular Plants (3rd ed.). Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.
19. Preston, C. D.; D. A. Pearman & T. D. Dines (2002). The New Atlas of the British and Irish Flora. Oxford University Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-851067-5.