Desargues graph

In the mathematical field of graph theory, the Desargues graph is a distance-transitive, cubic graph with 20 vertices and 30 edges.^[1] It is named after Girard Desargues, arises from several different combinatorial constructions, has a high level of symmetry, is the only known non-planar cubic partial cube, and has been applied in chemical databases.

Desargues graph
Named after	Gérard Desargues
Vertices	20
Edges	30
Radius	5
Diameter	5
Girth	6
Automorphisms	240 (S5 × S2)
Chromatic number	2
Chromatic index	3
Genus	2
Book thickness	3
Queue number	2
Properties	Cubic Distance-regular Hamiltonian Bipartite Symmetric
Table of graphs and parameters

The name "Desargues graph" has also been used to refer to a ten-vertex graph, the complement of the Petersen graph, which can also be formed as the bipartite half of the 20-vertex Desargues graph.^[2]

Constructions

There are several different ways of constructing the Desargues graph:

• It is the generalized Petersen graph G(10,3). To form the Desargues graph in this way, connect ten of the vertices into a regular decagon, and connect the other ten vertices into a ten-pointed star that connects pairs of vertices at distance three in a second decagon. The Desargues graph consists of the 20 edges of these two polygons together with an additional 10 edges connecting points of one decagon to the corresponding points of the other.
• It is the Levi graph of the Desargues configuration. This configuration consists of ten points and ten lines describing two perspective triangles, their center of perspectivity, and their axis of perspectivity. The Desargues graph has one vertex for each point, one vertex for each line, and one edge for every incident point-line pair. Desargues' theorem, named after 17th-century French mathematician Gérard Desargues, describes a set of points and lines forming this configuration, and the configuration and the graph take their name from it.
• It is the bipartite double cover of the Petersen graph, formed by replacing each Petersen graph vertex by a pair of vertices and each Petersen graph edge by a pair of crossed edges.
• It is the bipartite Kneser graph H_5,2. Its vertices can be labeled by the ten two-element subsets and the ten three-element subsets of a five-element set, with an edge connecting two vertices when one of the corresponding sets is a subset of the other. Equivalently, the Desargues graph is the induced subgraph of the 5-dimensional hypercube determined by the vertices of weight 2 and weight 3.
• The Desargues graph is Hamiltonian and can be constructed from the LCF notation: [5,−5,9,−9]⁵. As Erdős conjectured that for k > 0, the subgraph of the (2k + 1)-dimensional hypercube induced by the vertices of weight k and k + 1 is Hamiltonian, the Hamiltonicity of the Desargues graph is no surprise. (It also follows from the stronger conjecture of Lovász that except for a few known counter-examples, all vertex-transitive graphs have Hamiltonian cycles.)

Algebraic properties

The Desargues graph is a symmetric graph: it has symmetries that take any vertex to any other vertex and any edge to any other edge. Its symmetry group has order 240, and is isomorphic to the product of a symmetric group on 5 points with a group of order 2.

One can interpret this product representation of the symmetry group in terms of the constructions of the Desargues graph: the symmetric group on five points is the symmetry group of the Desargues configuration, and the order-2 subgroup swaps the roles of the vertices that represent points of the Desargues configuration and the vertices that represent lines. Alternatively, in terms of the bipartite Kneser graph, the symmetric group on five points acts separately on the two-element and three-element subsets of the five points, and complementation of subsets forms a group of order two that transforms one type of subset into the other. The symmetric group on five points is also the symmetry group of the Petersen graph, and the order-2 subgroup swaps the vertices within each pair of vertices formed in the double cover construction.

The generalized Petersen graph G(n, k) is vertex-transitive if and only if n = 10 and k = 2 or if k² ≡ ±1 (mod n) and is edge-transitive only in the following seven cases: (n, k) = (4, 1), (5, 2), (8, 3), (10, 2), (10, 3), (12, 5), (24, 5).^[3] So the Desargues graph is one of only seven symmetric Generalized Petersen graphs. Among these seven graphs are the cubical graph G(4, 1), the Petersen graph G(5, 2), the Möbius–Kantor graph G(8, 3), the dodecahedral graph G(10, 2) and the Nauru graph G(12, 5).

The characteristic polynomial of the Desargues graph is

${\displaystyle (x-3)(x-2)^{4}(x-1)^{5}(x+1)^{5}(x+2)^{4}(x+3).\,}$

Therefore, the Desargues graph is an integral graph: its spectrum consists entirely of integers.

Applications

In chemistry, the Desargues graph is known as the Desargues–Levi graph; it is used to organize systems of stereoisomers of 5-ligand compounds. In this application, the thirty edges of the graph correspond to pseudorotations of the ligands.^[4][5]

Other properties

The Desargues graph has rectilinear crossing number 6, and is the smallest cubic graph with that crossing number (sequence A110507 in the OEIS). It is the only known nonplanar cubic partial cube.^[6]

The Desargues graph has chromatic number 2, chromatic index 3, radius 5, diameter 5 and girth 6. It is also a 3-vertex-connected and a 3-edge-connected Hamiltonian graph. It has book thickness 3 and queue number 2.^[7]

All the cubic distance-regular graphs are known.^[8] The Desargues graph is one of the 13 such graphs.

The Desargues graph can be embedded as a self-Petrie dual regular map in the non-orientable manifold of genus 6, with decagonal faces.^[9]

Erv Wilson used this diagram to show the combination product sets (CPS) of the 3 out of 6 set. He called this Structure the Eikosany.https://www.anaphoria.com/eikosanystructures.pdf

Gallery

• 
  Desargues graph colored to highlight various cycles.
• 
  The chromatic index of the Desargues graph is 3.
• 
  The chromatic number of the Desargues graph is 2.

References

1. Weisstein, Eric W., "Desargues Graph", MathWorld
2. Kagno, I. N. (1947), "Desargues' and Pappus' graphs and their groups", American Journal of Mathematics, 69 (4), The Johns Hopkins University Press: 859–863, doi:10.2307/2371806, JSTOR 2371806.
3. Frucht, R.; Graver, J. E.; Watkins, M. E. (1971), "The groups of the generalized Petersen graphs", Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 70 (2): 211–218, Bibcode:1971PCPS...70..211F, doi:10.1017/S0305004100049811, S2CID 122686848.
4. Balaban, A. T.; Fǎrcaşiu, D.; Bǎnicǎ, R. (1966), "Graphs of multiple 1, 2-shifts in carbonium ions and related systems", Rev. Roum. Chim., 11: 1205
5. Mislow, Kurt (1970), "Role of pseudorotation in the stereochemistry of nucleophilic displacement reactions", Acc. Chem. Res., 3 (10): 321–331, doi:10.1021/ar50034a001
6. Klavžar, Sandi; Lipovec, Alenka (2003), "Partial cubes as subdivision graphs and as generalized Petersen graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 263 (1–3): 157–165, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(02)00575-7
7. Wolz, Jessica, Engineering Linear Layouts with SAT. Master Thesis, University of Tübingen, 2018
8. Brouwer, A. E.; Cohen, A. M.; and Neumaier, A. Distance-Regular Graphs. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1989.
9. McMullen, Peter (1992), "The regular polyhedra of type {p,3} with 2p vertices", Geometricae Dedicata, 43 (3), doi:10.1007/BF00151518, ISSN 0046-5755