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Demographic features of Djibouti include population density, ethnicity, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.
| Demographics of Djibouti | |
|---|---|
Djibouti population pyramid in 2020 | |
| Population | 994,017 (2019) |
| Growth rate | 1.97% (2022) |
| Birth rate | 22.25 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Death rate | 7.12 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
| Life expectancy | 65.3 years (2022) |
| • male | 62.72 years |
| • female | 67.96 years |
| Fertility rate | 2.15 children born/woman (2022) |
| Infant mortality rate | 53.31 deaths/1,000 infants (2012 est.)[1] |
| Age structure | |
| 0–14 years | 29.97% (male 138,701/female 137,588) |
| 15–64 years | 66.06% (male 264,283/female 344,668) |
| 65 and over | 3.97% (male 16,245/female 20,319) (2020) |
| Sex ratio | |
| At birth | 1.03 male(s)/female |
| Under 15 | 1 male(s)/female |
| 15–64 years | 0.8 male(s)/female |
| 65 and over | 0.81 male(s)/female |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | Djiboutian |
| Major ethnic | Somali 50% Afar 40% |
| Language | |
| Spoken | Somali (official), Afar (official), French(official), Arabic (non-official), |
Djibouti is a multiethnic country. As of 2018, it has a population of around 884,017 inhabitants[2][3]. Djibouti's population grew rapidly during the latter half of the 20th century, increasing from about 69,589 in 1955 to around 869,099 by 2015.[4]
The ethnic composition of Djibouti is 56.2% Somali, 24.2% Afar, 15.6% Arabs, 6.675% Djibouti Arabs (indigenous), 4.525% Yemenis, 4.4% Omanis and 5% others. The Somali clan component is mainly composed of the Issa clan (Dir), followed by the Gadabuursi and the Isaaq.[5]
The remaining 5% of Djibouti's population primarily consists of Ethiopians and Europeans (French, Italian and Swedish). In addition, as of 2021, 4,000 American troops, 1,350 French troops, 600 Japanese troops, 400 Chinese troops, and an unknown number of German troops are stationed at various bases throughout Djibouti. Approximately 76% of local residents are urban dwellers; the remainder are pastoralists.[6] 40,000 people from Yemen live in Djibouti, accounting for 4.525% of its total population."Domestic abuse adds to Yemeni refugee women's woes in Djibouti".[7][8][9]
Djibouti is a multilingual nation.[6] The majority of local residents speak Somali (650,000 speakers in Djibouti city and Ali Sabieh) and Afar (300,000 speakers) as a first language. These languages are the mother tongues of the Somali and Afar ethnic groups, respectively. Both languages belong to the larger Afroasiatic family. There are 2 official languages in Djibouti: Arabic and French.[10]
Arabic is of religious importance. In formal settings, it consists of Modern Standard Arabic. Colloquially, about 59,000 local residents speak the Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic dialect, also known as Djibouti Arabic. French serves as a statutory national language. It was inherited from the colonial period, and is the primary language of instruction. Around 17,000 Djiboutians speak it as a first language. Immigrant languages include Omani Arabic (38,900 speakers), Amharic (1,400 speakers), Greek (1,000 speakers) and Hindi (600 speakers).[10]
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
|---|---|---|
| 1960 | 83,636 | — |
| 1969 | 149,887 | +6.70% |
| 1977 | 277,750 | +8.02% |
| 1980 | 359,247 | +8.95% |
| 1994 | 652,793 | +4.36% |
| 2000 | 722,887 | +1.71% |
| 2012 | 859,652 | +1.45% |
| Source: World Bank[11] | ||
According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects[2][3], the total population was 1,105,557 in 2021 compared to 62,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 35.8%, 60.9% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 3.3% was 65 years or older.[4]
| Total population | Population aged 0–14 (%) | Population aged 15–64 (%) | Population aged 65+ (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950 | 62 000 | 46.8 | 51.2 | 2.0 |
| 1955 | 70 000 | 46.0 | 52.0 | 2.0 |
| 1960 | 85 000 | 45.4 | 52.5 | 2.0 |
| 1965 | 117 000 | 44.9 | 53.0 | 2.0 |
| 1970 | 162 000 | 45.8 | 52.2 | 2.1 |
| 1975 | 224 000 | 45.9 | 52.0 | 2.1 |
| 1980 | 340 000 | 45.3 | 52.5 | 2.2 |
| 1985 | 403 000 | 44.6 | 53.1 | 2.3 |
| 1990 | 562 000 | 44.2 | 53.4 | 2.4 |
| 1995 | 627 000 | 43.4 | 54.1 | 2.5 |
| 2000 | 732 000 | 41.3 | 55.9 | 2.7 |
| 2005 | 808 000 | 38.5 | 58.5 | 3.0 |
| 2010 | 889 000 | 35.8 | 60.9 | 3.3 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 440 066 | 378 093 | 818 159 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 49 863 | 41 269 | 91 132 | 11.14 |
| 5–9 | 56 117 | 41 269 | 101 271 | 12.38 |
| 10–14 | 48 135 | 37 337 | 85 472 | 10.45 |
| 15–19 | 46 351 | 39 283 | 85 634 | 10.47 |
| 20–24 | 43 786 | 40 272 | 84 058 | 10.27 |
| 25–29 | 40 222 | 41 995 | 82 217 | 10.05 |
| 30–34 | 35 558 | 33 997 | 69 555 | 8.50 |
| 35–39 | 29 563 | 26 512 | 56 074 | 6.85 |
| 40–44 | 25 247 | 19 734 | 44 981 | 5.50 |
| 45–49 | 19 470 | 15 456 | 34 926 | 4.27 |
| 50–54 | 16 363 | 12 479 | 28 841 | 3.53 |
| 55–59 | 10 325 | 7 860 | 18 185 | 2.22 |
| 60–64 | 8 495 | 6 677 | 15 172 | 1.85 |
| 65+ | 10 572 | 10 069 | 20 641 | 2.52 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 154 115 | 119 875 | 273 990 | 33.49 |
| 15–64 | 275 379 | 248 149 | 523 528 | 63.99 |
| 65+ | 10 572 | 10 069 | 20 641 | 2.52 |
| Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 527 817 | 473 636 | 1 001 452 | 100 |
| 0–4 | 50 744 | 49 747 | 100 491 | 10.03 |
| 5–9 | 54 487 | 53 200 | 107 687 | 10.75 |
| 10–14 | 52 811 | 45 854 | 98 665 | 9.85 |
| 15–19 | 50 167 | 40 507 | 90 674 | 9.05 |
| 20–24 | 48 044 | 40 029 | 88 072 | 8.79 |
| 25–29 | 45 209 | 38 999 | 84 208 | 8.41 |
| 30–34 | 42 445 | 38 723 | 81 168 | 8.11 |
| 35–39 | 39 077 | 36 798 | 75 874 | 7.58 |
| 40–44 | 34 761 | 32 809 | 67 570 | 6.75 |
| 45–49 | 29 881 | 28 056 | 57 936 | 5.79 |
| 50–54 | 24 442 | 21 937 | 46 379 | 4.63 |
| 55–59 | 19 309 | 16 508 | 35 817 | 3.58 |
| 60–64 | 14 340 | 11 888 | 26 229 | 2.62 |
| 65–69 | 9 975 | 8 077 | 18 053 | 1.80 |
| 70–74 | 6 260 | 5 158 | 11 418 | 1.14 |
| 75–79 | 3 444 | 2 953 | 6 397 | 0.64 |
| 80+ | 2 421 | 2 393 | 4 814 | 0.48 |
| Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
| 0–14 | 158 042 | 148 801 | 306 843 | 30.64 |
| 15–64 | 347 675 | 306 254 | 653 929 | 65.30 |
| 65+ | 22 100 | 18 581 | 40 681 | 4.06 |
The following are UN medium variant projections; numbers are in thousands:[4]
Registration of vital events in Djibouti is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates.[4]
| Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR* | CDR* | NC* | TFR* | IMR* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1950-1955 | 3 000 | 2 000 | 1 000 | 50.0 | 28.3 | 21.7 | 7.80 | 222 |
| 1955-1960 | 4 000 | 2 000 | 2 000 | 50.7 | 25.7 | 25.0 | 7.80 | 203 |
| 1960-1965 | 5 000 | 2 000 | 3 000 | 51.2 | 23.8 | 27.4 | 7.80 | 185 |
| 1965-1970 | 7 000 | 3 000 | 4 000 | 50.3 | 21.6 | 28.6 | 7.60 | 169 |
| 1970-1975 | 9 000 | 4 000 | 5 000 | 47.8 | 19.4 | 28.4 | 7.20 | 154 |
| 1975-1980 | 13 000 | 5 000 | 8 000 | 45.2 | 17.4 | 27.8 | 6.80 | 141 |
| 1980-1985 | 16 000 | 6 000 | 11 000 | 44.0 | 15.5 | 28.6 | 6.60 | 125 |
| 1985-1990 | 21 000 | 7 000 | 14 000 | 43.1 | 14.5 | 28.6 | 6.40 | 117 |
| 1990-1995 | 24 000 | 8 000 | 16 000 | 40.1 | 13.4 | 26.7 | 5.85 | 109 |
| 1995-2000 | 23 000 | 8 000 | 15 000 | 34.4 | 12.2 | 22.2 | 5.11 | 100 |
| 2000-2005 | 24 000 | 9 000 | 15 000 | 31.2 | 11.3 | 19.9 | 4.52 | 91 |
| 2005-2010 | 25 000 | 9 000 | 16 000 | 29.4 | 10.5 | 18.9 | 3.95 | 82 |
| * CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman) | ||||||||
| Period | Life expectancy in Years[14] |
|---|---|
| 1950–1955 | 41.04 |
| 1955–1960 |  42.95 |
| 1960–1965 | 45.18 |
| 1965–1970 | 47.35 |
| 1970–1975 | 50.90 |
| 1975–1980 | 52.55 |
| 1980–1985 | 54.67 |
| 1985–1990 | 56.12 |
| 1990–1995 | 57.02 |
| 1995–2000 |  57.02 |
| 2000–2005 | 57.29 |
| 2005–2010 | 59.05 |
| 2010–2015 | 61.62 |
Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022:[15]
The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook:[16]
Sunni Muslim 94% (nearly all Djiboutians), other 6% (mainly foreign-born residents - Shia Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Jewish, Baha'i, and atheist)
note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Djibouti is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, the CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine
The languages of Djibouti are:[6]
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