Danzig (region)

The Danzig Region (Regierungsbezirk Danzig) was a government region, within the Prussian Provinces of West Prussia and Prussia. The regional capital was Danzig (Gdańsk).^[1] Prussian government regions were not bodies of regional self-rule of the districts and cities comprised, but shear top-to-down government agencies to apply federal or state law and supervise local entities of self-rules, such as municipalities, rural and urban districts.^[2]

Danzig Regierungsbezirk Danzig
Region
Country	Prussia (since 1871 part of Germany)
Province	West Prussia (till 1829 and after 1878) Province of Prussia (1829-1878)
Seat	Danzig

Administrative regions of West Prussia:

  Regierungsbezirk Danzig

  Regierungsbezirk Marienwerder

History

Polish westerly Royal Prussia was annexed by the easterly Kingdom of Prussia during the late 18th century Partitions of Poland, with the city of Danzig becoming part of the Prussian Kingdom in 1793. The territory was administered in the new province of West Prussia (1772-1829, 1878-1920) and the new Province of Prussia (1829-1878).

In 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, West Prussia was divided into the Regions of Marienwerder and Danzig. While the governor and provincial authorities were based in Danzig, the provincial court [de] was in the town of Marienwerder in West Prussia (Kwidzyn).

West Prussia was reorganised into districts (Kreise) within each government region from 1815–18. The Danzig Region included the urban districts (Stadtkreise) of Danzig and Elbing (Elbląg) (since 1874), as well as the rural districts of Berent [pl], Danzig-Land [pl], Elbing-Land [pl], Karthaus, Marienburg, Neustadt [pl], and Preußisch Stargard [pl].

In 1887 a number of districts changed in the Danzig Region. The rural district of Danzig was divided into the rural districts of Danziger Höhe (Danzig Heights) and Danziger Niederung (Danzig Lowlands) [pl]; the seats of each district were in the city of Danzig. Two more new districts were formed, the southern parts of the former Danzig District became part of the new Dirschau District. The northern areas of the Neustadt District were partitioned off to form the new Putzig [pl].

As a result of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles allocated most of West Prussia to the Second Polish Republic, and the Danzig Region was dissolved in 1920. The city of Danzig and its environs became the Free City of Danzig. A few eastern areas of the Danzig Region remained in the Free State of Prussia in Weimar Germany, however. In 1920 the rural districts of Elbing and Marienburg in West Prussia as well as the city of Elbing were added to the truncated Marienwerder Region, which in 1922 was renamed as West Prussia Region for reason of tradition when it was transferred from the defunct Province of West Prussia to the Province of East Prussia.

Districts

Urban districts

Danzig formed an urban district from the beginning, Elbing reached that status in 1874 and was thus partitioned from Elbing Rural District, and several times enlarged on the expense of the surrounding rural district.

1. 1818-1920: Stadtkreis Danzig (Gdańsk);^[3] thereafter persisting as urban district within Free Danzig
2. 1874-1920: Stadtkreis Elbing (Elbląg);^[4] thereafter persisting till 1945 as an urban district in Germany

Rural districts

The period when a district formed part of the Danzig Region is indicated by the years before the district names.

1. 1818-1920: Berent, seated in Berent in West Prussia (Kościerzyna);^[5]
2. 1818-1887: Danzig-Land [de], seat: Russoschin (till 1828), Praust (till 1845), then Danzig; partitioned into the new districts of Danzig Heights, Lowlands and Dirschau
3. 1887-1920: Danziger Höhe (Heights), seat: Danzig; the district persisted till 1939 as part of Free Danzig
4. 1887-1920: Danziger Niederung (Lowlands) [de], seat: Danzig; the district persisted till 1939 as part of Free Danzig
5. 1772–1818, 1887-1920: Dirschau, seat: Dirschau (Tczew)^[6]
6. 1818-1920: Elbing-Land [de], seat: Elbing; persisting till 1945 as a rural district in Germany, with its area west of the Nogat ceded to the new Großes Werder district [de] in Free Danzig
7. 1818-1920: Karthaus, seat: Carthaus/Karthaus in West Prussia (Kartuzy)^[7]
8. 1818-1920: Marienburg, seat: Marienburg (Malbork);^[8] persisting till 1945 as a rural district in Germany, with its area west of the Nogat ceded to Großes Werder district in Free Danzig
9. 1818-1920: Neustadt, seat: Neustadt (Wejherowo)^[9]
10. 1772-1920: Preußisch Stargard, seat: Preußisch Stargard (Starogard Gdański)^[10]
11. 1887-1920: Putzig [de], seated in Putzig (Puck);^[11] the district was partitioned from the Neustadt District, northern part

Demographics

The Danzig region had a German majority population with significant minorities of Poles and Kashubians.^[12]

Ethnolinguistic Structure of Regierungsbezirk Danzig (1910)^[12]

District (Kreis)	Polish name	Population	German	%	Polish / Kashubian / Bilingual	%
Berent	Kościerzyna	55,976	23,682	42.3%	32,287	57.7%
Danziger Höhe	Gdańsk	53,506	47,397	88.6%	6,071	11.3%
Danziger Niederung	Gdańsk	36,345	36,008	99.1%	327	0.9%
Stadtkreis Danzig	Gdańsk	170,337	164,343	96.5%	5,521	3.2%
Landkreis Elbing	Elbląg	38,611	38,558	99.9%	48	0.1%
Stadtkreis Elbing	Elbląg	58,636	58,330	99.5%	248	0.4%
Karthaus	Kartuzy	69,891	19,319	27.6%	50,568	72.4%
Marienburg	Malbork	62,999	61,050	96.9%	1,924	3.1%
Neustadt	Wejherowo	61,620	30,932	50.2%	30,661	49.8%
Putzig	Puck	26,548	7,970	30.0%	18,561	69.9%
Preußisch Stargard	Starogard Gdański	65,427	17,165	26.2%	48,250	73.7%
Dirschau	Tczew	42,723	27,865	65.2%	14,846	34.7%
Total	-	742,619	532,619	71.7%	209,312	28.2%

Demographic evolution of the Danzig Region (1837-1910)

Year	Population	German	%	Polish / Kashubian / Bilingual	%
1837	341,975	217,582	63.6%	124,393	36.4%
1852	417,108	266,001	63.8%	151,107	36.2%
1890	589,176	421,125	71.5%	167,642	28.5%
1900	665,988	477,589	71.7%	187,578	28.2%
1905	709,312	511,423	72.1%	197,295	27.8%
1910	742,619	532,619	71.7%	209,312	28.2%

District presidents

Seat of the Government of Danzig

Each of the nineteen Regierungsbezirke featured a non-legislative governing body called a Regierungspräsidium or Bezirksregierung (district government) headed by a Regierungspräsident (district president), concerned mostly with administrative decisions on a local level for districts within its jurisdiction.^[13]

1816–1819: Theodor von Schön (1773–1856) 1819–1825: Theodor Nicolovius (1768–1831) 1825–1840: Johann Carl Rothe (1771–1853)[14] 1841–1863: Robert von Blumenthal (1806–1892) 1863–1868: Robert von Prittwitz und Gaffron (1806–1889) 1868–1876: Gustav von Diest (1826–1911) 1876–1878: Otto von Hoffmann (1833–1905)

1878–1881: Heinrich von Achenbach (1829–1899) 1881–1883: Wilhelm von Saltzwedel (1820–1882) 1883–1887: Anton Rothe (1837–1905) 1887–1890: Adolf von Heppe (1836–1899) 1890–1902: Friedrich von Holwede (1841–1921) 1902–1909: Jaroslaw von Jarotzky (1851–1928) 1909–1918: Lothar Foerster (1865–1939)

Notes

1. German article of Danzig Region
2. Unlike regions in Alsace-Lorraine, Bavaria and the Palatinate, which are of double nature, government agencies and bodies of districts' and cities' self-rule represented by elected bodies.
3. Since 1945 the official name of the city is Gdańsk.
4. Before the existence as urban district and thereafter, between 1466–1772, and since 1945 the official name of the town is Elbląg.
5. Before the existence of the district and thereafter, between 1466–1772, and since 1920 the official name of the town, at times forming the district capital, is Kościerzyna.
6. Before the existence of the district and thereafter, between 1466–1772, 1807–1815, and since 1920 the official name of the town, at times forming the district capital, is Tczew.
7. Before the existence of the district and thereafter, between 1466–1772, and since 1920 the official name of the town, at times forming the district capital, is Kartuzy.
8. Before the existence of the district and thereafter, between 1466–1772, and since 1945 the official name of the town, at times forming the district capital, is Malbork.
9. Before the existence of the district and thereafter, between 1643–1772, and since 1920 the official name of the town, at times forming the district capital, is Wejherowo.
10. Before the existence of the district and thereafter, between 1466–1772, 1807–1815, and since 1920 the official name of the town, at times forming the district capital, is Starogard (Gdański).
11. Before the existence of the district and thereafter, between 1466–1772, and since 1920 the official name of the town, at times forming the district capital, is Puck.
12. Belzyt, Leszek (1998). Sprachliche Minderheiten im preussischen Staat: 1815 - 1914 ; die preußische Sprachenstatistik in Bearbeitung und Kommentar. Marburg: Herder-Inst. ISBN 978-3-87969-267-5.
13. Regional Governments in France, Germany, Poland and The Netherlands (HTML version of PowerPoint presentation) – Cachet, A (coordinator), Erasmus University, Rotterdam^{[dead link]}
14. Barbara Dettke: Die asiatische Hydra: Die Cholera von 1830/31 in Berlin und den preußischen Provinzen, Posen, Preußen und Schlesien. De Gruyter, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-11-014493-X, S. 102. (eingeschränkte Vorschau bei Google Book Search).

References

• Georg Hassel. Vollständige und neueste Erdbeschreibung der Preußischen Monarchie und des Freistaates Krakau. Weimar, 1819, pp. 577–586 (online).
• H. Oelrichs. Statistische Mitteilungen über den Regierungsbezirk Danzig. Danzig, 1867 (online).

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