Dae Jung-sang

Dae Jung-sang (?–698?), also known as Geolgeol Jungsang, was a key contributor to the founding of Balhae, and the father of Dae Jo-yeong, the actual founder of Balhae. Though much of the credit for the founding of Balhae went to his son, many historians still give credit to Dae Jung-sang as the main supporter and leader in the founding of Balhae.

Dae Jung-sang
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	乞乞仲象
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Qǐqǐ Zhòngxiàng
Korean name
Hangul	대중상 or 걸걸중상
Hanja	大仲象 or 乞乞仲象
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Dae Jungsang or Geolgeol Jungsang McCune–Reischauer Tae Chungsang or Kŏlkŏl Chungsang

Background

Historical sources give different accounts of the ethnicity and background of Dae Jung-sang's son, Dae Joyeong.^[1][2][3] Among the official dynastic history works, the New Book of Tang refers to Dae Joyeong and his state as Sumo Mohe (related to Jurchens and later Manchus) affiliated with Goguryeo.^[4] The Old Book of Tang also states Dae's ethnic background as Mohe but adds that he was "高麗別種" (gaoli biezhong).^[5] The term is interpreted as meaning "a branch of the Goguryeo people" by South and North Korean historians, but as "distinct from Goguryeo" by Japanese and Chinese researchers.^[6] The Samguk yusa, a 13th-century collection of Korean history and legends, describes Dae as a Sumo Mohe leader. However, it gives another account of Dae being a former Goguryeo general, citing a now-lost Sillan record.^{[7][8][9][10][11][12]} Alexander Kim considers this unlikely since Goguryeo fell in 668 while Dae died in 719, and young men could not receive the rank of general.^[13]

Biography

In 696, the Khitan led a revolt that killed the cruel governor of the protectorate and gave Yingzhou back to the Khitan. Dae Jung-sang allied with the Baishan Mohe leader Geolsa Biu (Korean: 걸사비우; Hanja: 乞四比羽pinyin: Qǐsì bǐyǔ), and the two powers opposed the Tang influence in 698. The two leaders resisted the Tang's attack, but were forced to retreat. Both Geolsa Biu, and Dae Jung-sang died in battle, but Dae Jo-yeong led the remaining Goguryeo and Malgal soldiers and defeated the Tang army at the Battle of Tianmenling (Cheonmunryeong) and established the Balhae. The state was created by the leader of the Mohe people, who subjugated the neighboring tribes both by diplomatic and military force. The people of Goguryeo were subject to diplomatic power and voluntarily recognized him as their leader.^[14]

According to New Book of Tang, Wu Zetian created Dae as Duke of Zhen (Jin), Geolsa Biu as Duke of Xu (Heo), and pardon their crimes. Geolsa Biu refused the title and Wu sent general Li Kaigu to suppress the rebellions. Geolsa died in Battle of Tianmenling, Dae Jo-yeong led the others in victorious against Li. Dae Jung-sang died from sickness after the battle.^[15]

Family

The most notable and famous of his children was his eldest, Dae Jo-yeong. Dae Jung-sang had another son, Dae Ya-bal (대야발), and probably also had other children besides Dae Jo-yeong because the Balhae Royal line consisted of two lineages, one from Dae Jo-yeong and the other from Dae Ya-bal.

In popular culture

• Portrayed by Im Hyuk in the 2006–2007 KBS TV series Dae Jo-yeong.

See also

• History of Manchuria
• History of Korea
• Dae Joyeong
• Balhae

References

1. Vovin, Alexander (2006). "Why Manchu and Jurchen Look so Un-Tungusic ?". In Juha Janhunenn; Alessandra Pozzi; Michael Weiers (eds.). Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Festschrift for Giovanni Stary's 60th birthday. Harrassowitz. pp. 255–266.
2. Richard, Zgusta (2015). The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time Precolonial Ethnic and Cultural Processes along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait. ISBN 978-90-04-30043-9.
3. Tsiporuha Mikhail Isaakovich (2017). "История тунгусских племен мохэ и государства Бохай" [The history of Mohé and Bohai Tungusic tribes]. Покорение Сибири. От Ермака до Беринга. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
4. New Book of Tang, Chapter 219: Bohai. 渤海、本粟末靺鞨附高麗者、姓大氏。
5. Old Book of Tang, Original: 渤海靺鞨大祚榮者，本高麗別種也. Link
6. 徐吉洙. "渤海は高句麗を引き継いだ". 高句麗研究会.
7. Samguk yusa, Chapter 1, Section Mohe Bohai. 通典云，渤海，本栗未靺鞨。至其酋柞榮立國，自號震旦。 [...] 又新羅古記云，高麗舊將柞榮，姓大氏。
8. Old records of Silla 新羅古記(Silla gogi [ko]): ... 高麗舊將祚榮
9. Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王韻紀(Jewang ungi): ... 前麗舊將大祚榮
10. Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjib): ... 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲疣贅部落靺羯之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃甞逐句驪, 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山鴟義則喧張黑姶與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里耨苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食葚晚陳降漢之旗.
11. Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjip): ... 其酋長大祚榮, 始受臣藩第五品大阿餐之秩
12. Comprehensive Institutions 通典(Tongdian): ... 渤海夲栗末靺鞨至其酋祚榮立國自號震旦, 先天中 玄宗王子始去靺鞨號專稱渤海
13. Kim 2011, p. 297.
14. Maxim Stoyakin (2018). "ДВОРЦОВО-ПАРКОВАЯ АРХИТЕКТУРА В СТОЛИЦАХ КОГУРЁ И БОХАЯ" ["PALACE AND PARK ARCHITECTURE IN THE CAPITALS OF GOGURYEO AND BOHAI"]. RUSSIA AND THE ATP. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
15. "144". New Book of Tang. Vol. 235.

Bibliography

• Kim, Alexander (2011), The Historiography of Bohai in Russia

External links

• (in Korean)
• Relationship between Mohe, Jurchens and Hungarian names (Qiqi Zhongxiang and Qisi Piyu) Archived 2009-03-20 at the Wayback Machine

Dae Jung-sang House of Dae  Died: 698
Regnal titles
New creation	Duke of Zhen (Jin) 696–698	Succeeded by Go of Balhae as King of Zhen (Jin)