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DARVO (an acronym for "deny, attack, and reverse victim & offender") is a reaction that perpetrators of wrongdoing, such as sexual offenders, may display in response to being held accountable for their behavior.[1] Some researchers indicate that it is a common manipulation strategy of psychological abusers.[2][3][4]
As the acronym suggests, the common steps involved are:
- The abuser denies the abuse ever took place
- When confronted with evidence, the abuser then attacks the person that was/is being abused (and/or the person's family and/or friends) for attempting to hold the abuser accountable for their actions, and finally
- The abuser claims that they were/are actually the victim in the situation, thus reversing the positions of victim and offender.[2][4] It often involves not just playing the victim but also victim blaming.[3]
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The acronym and the analysis it is based on come from the work of the psychologist Jennifer Freyd, who wrote about it in 1997.[2] The first stage of DARVO, denial, involves gaslighting.[3][4] Freyd writes:
... I have observed that actual abusers threaten, bully and make a nightmare for anyone who holds them accountable or asks them to change their abusive behavior. This attack, intended to chill and terrify, typically includes threats of law suits, overt and covert attacks on the whistle-blower's credibility, and so on. The attack will often take the form of focusing on ridiculing the person who attempts to hold the offender accountable. [...] [T]he offender rapidly creates the impression that the abuser is the wronged one, while the victim or concerned observer is the offender. Figure and ground are completely reversed. [...] The offender is on the offense and the person attempting to hold the offender accountable is put on the defense.[2]
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Freyd stated that DARVO is frequently used and effective, although the number of people who are inclined to believe a DARVO response decreases once they understand the tactic.[5] However, the examination and determination of who is using DARVO proves to be difficult until the abuser and the victim in a case are clearly established. An example of the difficulty was seen in the Depp v. Heard case.[6][7]
In the 2019 episode "Season Finale" of South Park, Randy Marsh is arrested for destroying home-growers' marijuana. Randy calls President Garrison for legal advice.[8] The President explains DARVO to him and roleplays how to use it. When Randy attempts to do so, the police officer he tries it on informs him that the tactic will not work, as Randy is not the President.
- Accusation in a mirror – Hate speech incitement technique
- Chilling effect – Discouragement of exercising rights by threats of legal sanctions
- Crocodile tears
- Scientology controversies § Dead agenting
- Gaslighting
- Psychological projection
- Tu quoque
- Victim blaming
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