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Crime in Finland is combated by the Finnish police and other agencies.
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2017) |
In 2023, Finland had a total of 57 homicides + 355 attempted murders.[1]
Half of murders involve men of specific groups (unemployed, undereducated, drug and alcohol problems) in heavy drinking situations. Thirty-five percent of homicides are committed by family members, and ten percent of homicides are classified as youth violence.[2]
Women constitute 10 percent of offenders and 25 percent of victims. The vast majority of female offenders target a husband or other family member. Twenty-three percent of homicide victims of male offenders were strangers. Fewer than 20 percent of murders are committed outdoors.
Firearms are used in 14 percent of the cases. Street shootings and gang violence are extremely rare. A few cases involving motorcycle gangs have occurred in recent years, attracting national attention.
In 2018, 1393 cases of rape were reported to the police.[3] According to official statistics [citation needed], 27.0% of rapes have been committed by foreigners in Finland, who comprise 2.2% [citation needed] of population.[4] In contrast, the rape support helpline Tukinainen reports that 6% of all callers and 11% of 10–20-year-old callers say that the rapist was a foreigner.[5] Finnish rapists are more likely to be known personally by the victim, increasing the threshold to report [citation needed]. Furthermore, there are great asymmetries between nationalities of rapists.[6][citation needed]
Finland has been known to give low sentences for financial crimes such as cartel behaviour, insider trading, and tax evasion. The sentences are especially low when compared with the potential benefits of committing such crimes, as well as when compared with international standards.[citation needed] An example of the difference between sentence and benefits is the 2006 case of Lemminkäinen Group. Lemminkäinen was hit with a €68,000,000 fine for cartel. This was markedly lower than the estimated €400,000,000 Lemminkäinen would have made, if it had received just 20% of the criminal profit. Executives were not sentenced to prison or fined for their involvement.
Examples of cartels in Finland include: Metsäliitto and Stora Enso who were sentenced €500,000 and Elisa which was sentenced €4,160,000 in 2001. The European Union has given much higher sanctions for cartels, as seen in the cases of UPM-Kymmene (€56,000,000), Outokumpu (€36,000,000), and Kemira (€33,000,000).
Fraud and embezzlement also occur. For example, in 2018 there was a scandal over IT supplies in schools in Helsinki[7]
Political corruption levels are extremely low and previously Finland was annually named the least corrupted country for years. The number of notices of corruption related crimes were lower than the murder rate in 2007—there were about 15 reports of bribery or attempted bribery annually.[8] In 2006, there were 115 reports of corruption. One-fourth of these involved seeking private gain. One-third of the cases were attempts to harm someone rather than seek gain. Between 2002 and 2007, no corporations were fined and no business prohibitions were imposed for committing bribery.
A campaign funding controversy that began in 2008 eroded the confidence in the transparency of Finnish politics. Finland's Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index ranking dropped to the 5th place, but was back up to world 2nd in 2023, just after Denmark. The controversy began with a remark by a Centre Party MP that he had not disclosed his funding sources because, despite the obligation, there was no punishment for avoiding it coded in the law. Later it was found a group of property developers had supported certain MPs of the three major parties (Centre Party, National Coalition and Social Democratic Party) allegedly to produce favorable zoning decisions.
Furthermore, MPs of the government-leading Centre Party had funneled public funds to party-associated foundations that had subsequently funded the personal campaigns of Centre Party politicians, including Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen. There are criminal investigations ongoing by the National Bureau of Investigation[citation needed]. Incomplete disclosure of funding sources was the problem of the two other major parties.
The Finnish National Bureau of Investigation is aware of the existence of approximately ninety criminal gangs with a total membership of around eight-hundred.[9] There are several competing motorcycle gangs in Finland. A historic rivalry between the Hells Angels and Bandidos erupted in the Nordic Biker War in the 1990s. Other international biker gangs operating in the country include the Diablos, Outlaws, Red Devils and Satudarah, as well as Cannonball, a prominent domestic organisation.[10]
Along with these motorcycle gangs, there are other criminal organisations without the same principles as in biker groups such as Bats, United Brotherhood and X-Team, a Bandidos sub-division.[11] United Brotherhood, a merger of the former Natural BoNatural Born Killers, Rogues Gallery and M.O.R.E. gangs, utilizes the drug trade, financial crimes and security services as sources of income.[12] In 2013, the police raided a suspected United Brotherhood member's home and found 47 firearms, 18 of which were capable of sustained rapid fire, along with drugs, doping substances and jewellery. In 2018, 30 weapons including sub-machine guns were seized from the same group.[13] In 2019, a crackdown saw these gangs and any related clothing or symbols banned.[14]
A recent phenomenon affecting some major cities. [15]
Finland is an average European country in the terms of gun ownership, with about 1.5 million guns in register and 30 guns for every 100 people.[16] A bulk of this number consists of hunting weapons and there are only 220 000 pistols and revolvers on the register. A persistent myth claims that Finns would have the fourth most firearms in the world per capita (right after United States, Yemen, Switzerland), with around 45.3 guns for every 100 people.[17] This false number rises from the Small Arms Survey, which claimed in 2007 that there would be 800 000 unregistered guns in addition to the registered ones.[18] This claim has been since refuted and has no basis in reality according to the Finnish officials, who estimate the amount of illegal guns to be "in thousands", with a significant amount of them being over 80 years old war trophies.[19] Also, Finland registers OC sprays and other spray-based weapons with a gun license, adding to the gun ownership total. Many other European countries, such as Germany, do not require a license to carry an OC spray in public. Finland has a high incidence of gun related deaths including suicides, but in gun-related homicides, it is the fifth-ranking country in the EU.[20]
Guns and other weapons are tightly regulated. One must separately apply for a gun license, which cannot be issued for "self defense reasons". Even other weapons, such as pepper sprays, are regulated. Carrying weapons, including guns and knives in public is not allowed [citation needed]. "police have received about 230 reports annually of theft or aggravated theft involving firearms"[21]
The majority of criminals and victims of violent crime are under the influence of alcohol during the act. Statistics show that in homicides 61 to 75 percent, in attempted homicides 71 to 78 percent and in assaults 71 to 73 percent of the offenders have been under the influence of alcohol. During the last two decades the number of drunk offenders has increased. Roughly half of the crimes of theft involve the use of alcohol.[citation needed]
| Offences against the Criminal Code by nationality in 2017-2018[23] [non-primary source needed] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Per 1000 citizens | |||
| Sweden | 80.75 | |||
| Iraq | 70.07 | |||
| Somalia | 66.56 | |||
| Estonia | 56.97 | |||
| Romania | 48.79 | |||
| Russia | 42.14 | |||
| Foreign countries' average | 41.83 | |||
| Finland | 35.71 | |||
| Source: Statistics Finland.[23] | ||||
Immigrant crime in Finland became a topic of public debate in the 1990s-early 21st century period with the arrivals of Somalis in Finland.[22]
In 1998, 10 times more "foreign-looking" men were accused of rape than the overall percentage of foreigners in Finland, which the Chief Inspector interviewed explained that at least part of that disparity could be because, "It may be that a Finnish woman regards it as more of a crime when the perpetrator is foreign. If the rapist is a Finn, the woman might perhaps think more about her own role in what has happened."[24]
A 2015 study found that immigrant youth had higher incidence rates in 14 out of 17 delinquent acts. The gap is small for thefts and vandalism, and no significant differences for shoplifting, bullying and use of intoxicants. According to the authors, "weak parental social control and risk routines, such as staying out late, appear to partly explain the immigrant youths' higher delinquency", and "the relevance of socioeconomic factors was modest".[25]
According to 2014 official statistics, 24% of rapes are estimated to have been committed by individuals with foreign surnames in Finland.[26]The Finnish drug market is stable[citation needed], with cannabis type drugs most commonly used and seized by law enforcement agencies, while amphetamines, MDMA/ecstasy and other synthetic psychoactive substances and narcotic pharmaceuticals remain important. There is very low heroin use. Opioids are a significant part of the addiction market.[27] Since 2023 the large amount of smuggling of snuff called snus from Sweden.[28][29] has dropped considerably, though it is still present [30]
Around 6000 individuals have been identified in 2019 for buying goods from a dark web supplier, most probably drugs[31]
| 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2016 | per 1,000 people(5) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All offences | 480,964 | 848,978 | 763,391 | 823,349 | 150.46 |
| Offences against the Penal Code(1) | 221,106 | 435,154 | (4)530,270 | 466,857 | 103.28 |
| Homicide | 111 | 145 | 146 | 78 | 0.028 |
| Assault | 13,964 | 20,654 | 27,820 | 33,769 | 5.69 |
| Theft and robbery | 103,024 | 166,266 | 196,009 | 132,105 | 31.71 |
| Drunk driving | 20,436 | 29,759 | 22,783 | 17,308 | 5.15 |
| Offences involving narcotics(2) | 955 | 2,546 | 13,445 | 25,082 | 2.77 |
| Traffic infractions | (3)215,281 | (3)367,571 | (4)214,543 | 41.77 | |
| Offences against other Acts and Decrees | 44,577 | 46,253 | 18,578 | 17,008 | 5.42 |
The most common punishments are fines and probation. Community service is also a punishment. These are generally effective in preventing a repetition of an offence. The day fine system is in effect; this means, that if an offence warrants fines, they are calculated in proportion to the offender's income when this is higher than the minimum fine.
Lengths of prison sentences have increased in recent years, though Finnish prison terms are exceptionally short in the international context. Drug trafficking and manslaughter result in the longest prison sentences, of 8–12 years (15 years if multiple crimes), after premeditated murder. Although life sentences are given for murder, probation is given after 10 years at the earliest if the offender was under 21 years of age, otherwise 12 years is the minimum. People under 18 years cannot be sentenced to life sentence, but the maximum sentence is 15 years. There is also possibility of presidential amnesty at any time. Therefore, effective life sentences are enforced in only cases of involuntary commitment of murderers.[33]
The last time capital punishment was enforced in peacetime was in 1825 (see: Tahvo Putkonen). In the Finnish Civil War (1918) and in the 3 wars of World War II (1939–1945): Winter War, Continuation War and Lapland War capital punishment was enforced e.g. Arndt Pekurinen. The death penalty was abolished in 1971[citation needed].
Finland is more focussed on rehabilitation than retribution.[34]
The Finnish legal system is one of the most lenient in the world, especially with regard to punishment of violent crime; during the period of 2016–2018, only just over 7% of people convicted of assault were sentenced to prison and the length of their sentences was about four and a half months.[35] During the same period, slightly more than 6% of people convicted of sexually exploiting a minor received a prison sentence, with the average jail time being 14 months.[36] The lenient treatment (by international standards) of serial killer Michael Maria Penttilä has attracted international attention.[37]
The average number of prisoners was 3 143 in 2023.[38] In addition, a total of 3 785 carried out community service.[39]
Finland has 130 police officers per 100,000 people. The United States has 298 per 100,000 and Germany has 372. In 2021, police officers accounted for 7 450 of the total police personnel.[40]
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