Counterstrain

Counterstrain is a technique used in osteopathic medicine, osteopathy, physical therapy, massage therapy, and chiropractic to treat somatic dysfunction.^[1] It is a system of diagnosis and treatment that uses tender points, which are produced by trauma, inflammation, postural strain, or disease, to identify structures to manipulate.^[2] The manipulation uses light pressure to decompress the local nociceptors and mechanoreceptors responsible for the sensation of pain, returning central sensitization to its normal state. This technique extends Strain-counterstrain, a technique inhibits the reflexes by putting the tissues in a position of ease directly opposite to that of the reflex.^[3][4] Strain-counterstrain is also known as the Jones technique, (correction spontaneous by position), and spontaneous release by position. Counterstrain was developed by the osteopathic physician Lawrence Jones DO in 1955 and was originally called “Spontaneous Release by Positioning,” before being termed “strain-counterstrain.”^[5]

Strain-Counterstrain

In this technique, the practitioner identifies a point of musculoskeletal pain, called a tender point. Tender points are small, discrete, edematous areas on the body that elicit pain when palpated. Monitoring the tender point, the practitioner positions the patient such that the tenderness at the counterstrain point is minimized when pressed.^[6] The practitioner holds the patient in a maximally relaxed position for 90 seconds and then slowly returns the passive patient to a neutral body position. Success of treatment is evaluated by reassessing both the tender point and any accompanying change in range of motion.

Over 200 tender point locations have been identified to correspond to strain in different muscles and joints.^[7] The technique has developed to include variations of manipulations and methods to identify tender points.^[4]

Conceptual basis

The idea behind counterstrain states that tender points result from reflexive muscular spasm that correspond to dysfunctional motor segments, due to the compensation of an antagonist muscle responding to agonist muscle over-lengthening.^[7]

References

1. Wong, CK; Abraham, T; Karimi, P; Ow-Wing, C (Apr 2014). "Strain counterstrain technique to decrease tender point palpation pain compared to control conditions: a systematic review with meta-analysis". Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 18 (2): 165. doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.09.010. PMID 24725782.
2. Tuckey, Brian; Shah, Jay; Tandon, Hannah (2017). "A New Rationale and Treatment Model for Neuromuscular Tender Points" (Document). Tuckey Continuing Education Services.
3. DiGiovanna, Eileen; Stanley Schiowitz; Dennis J. Dowling (2005) [1991]. "Counterstrain (Chapter 14)". An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment (Third ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 86–88.
4. Chaitow, Leon (2014). Fascial Dysfunction: Manual Therapy Approaches, Chapter 16 - Positional Release Techniques. Pencaitland, East Lothian: Handspring Publishing. pp. 205–213. ISBN 978-1-909141-10-0.
5. "Glossary of Osteopathic Terminology" (PDF). American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine. April 2009. p. 28. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
6. Wong, CK (2012). "Strain counterstrain: current concepts and clinical evidence". Manual Therapy. 17 (1): 2–8. doi:10.1016/j.math.2011.10.001. PMID 22030379.
7. Kusunose, Randall (1992). Rational Manual Therapies. Williams & Wilkins. pp. 324–325. ISBN 978-0683004205.

Sources

• Ward, Robert C. et al.; Foundations for Osteopathic Medicine (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-3497-5.