Coppermine River

The Coppermine River is a river in the North Slave and Kitikmeot regions of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut in Canada. It is 845 kilometres (525 mi)^[4] long. It rises in Lac de Gras, a small lake near Great Slave Lake, and flows generally north to Coronation Gulf, an arm of the Arctic Ocean. The river freezes in winter but may still flow under the ice.

Coppermine River
View of the Arctic Sea from the mouth of the Coppermine River (1821) by George Back
Coppermine River mouth location
Location
Country	Canada
Physical characteristics
Source	Lac de Gras
• location	Northwest Territories, Canada
• coordinates	64°35′01″N 111°11′33″W
• elevation	396 m (1,299 ft)
Mouth	Coronation Gulf
• location	Nunavut, Arctic Ocean, Canada
• coordinates	67°48′43″N 115°05′05″W
• elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Length	845 km (525 mi)
Basin size	50,700 km2 (19,600 sq mi)
Discharge
• average	337.69 m3/s (11,925 cu ft/s)[1]
• minimum	10.37 m3/s (366 cu ft/s)
• maximum	1,500 m3/s (53,000 cu ft/s)
[2][3]

The community of Kugluktuk (formerly Coppermine) is located at the river's mouth.

History

The river was named for the copper ores which are located along the river, by Samuel Hearne in 1771.^[5] Hearne found only one lump of copper and commercial mining was not considered viable.^[6]

Bloody Falls, part of the Kugluk/Bloody Falls Territorial Park, is located 18.5 kilometres (11.5 mi) from Kugluktuk, and was home to the Kogluktogmiut a sub-group of the Copper Inuit. It is the site of the Bloody Falls Massacre, when Matonabbee, Samuel Hearne's guide, and his fellow Chipewyan warriors ambushed and massacred the local Inuit.^[7]

Geology

The river is on the northwestern part of the Canadian Shield. It was covered by the Laurentide ice sheet which melted away 10,000 years ago. Above and below Bloody Falls, the river width is broad due to fluvioglacial erosion. At the falls, the river is described to be narrow and fast-moving rapid with the elevation dropping by 10 metres (33 ft) from the start to the end of the falls. The Coppermine River at Bloody Falls is surrounded by steep rocky slopes and sandy gulllies. There is a basalt deposit which reaches 20 m above the river and gradually slopes into a flat, rocky beach downstream. Coppermine Mountains are located on the west side of the river.^[8]

Ecology

Willow was observed growing at the top of the basalt deposit at Bloody Falls.^[8] Locals described the willow being recent arrival and appeared in previous decades according to a study in 1970.^[9] The area is at the northern edge of the tree line. White spruce was found in the area but the height was stunted. Landscape is on the border of stunted forest and shrubs transitioning to Arctic tundra. A survey conducted in 2014 found 300 plant species in the lower Coppermine River valley, which was considered to be relatively high compared to other regional and local areas in Nunavut and more diverse than plant species found in Tuktut Nogait National Park.^[8]

Gallery

Canoeists camping along river

One of many waterfalls along the river

Canoeing the Rocky Defile

Bloody Falls

See also

• List of longest rivers of Canada