Consort Rong (Qianlong)

Consort Rong (Chinese: 容妃; pinyin: Róng Fēi; 10 October 1734 – 24 May 1788), from the Uyghur minority, was a consort of Qianlong Emperor.

Consort Rong
Born	(1734-10-10)10 October 1734 Ili valley, Dzungar Khanate
Died	24 May 1788(1788-05-24) (aged 53) Beijing, China
Burial	Yu Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs
Spouse	Qianlong Emperor ​ (m. 1760)​
House	Hezhuo (和卓; by birth) Aisin Gioro (by marriage)

Consort Rong
Traditional Chinese	容妃
Simplified Chinese	容妃
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Róng Fēi

Life

Family background

Consort Rong was from Xinjiang, and belonged to the Uyghur minority. She came from a line of the Makhdumzada Khoja clan,^[1] sometimes transliterated as Hezhuo (和卓) or Huozhuo (霍卓). She was the daughter of the Muslim Hojalai, and a descendant of Gambar^[specify], founder of the Shizu sect^[specify].^[2][3] She had one elder brother, Turdu.^[2]

Yongzheng era

The future Consort Rong was born on 15 September of the twelfth year of the reign of Yongzheng Emperor, which translates to 10 October 1734 in the Gregorian calendar.^[4]

Qianlong era

Lady Hezhuo entered the Forbidden City on 20 March 1760, ^[1][2][4] when she was twenty-six years old, and the Qianlong emperor was twenty-three years older than her.^[5] She had been selected to enter the imperial palace after her older brother Turdu was honoured by the emperor with a title of his part in quelling a rebellion^[which?] in his native region of Xinjiang.^[2] In 1761,^[2] she was given the title of "Noble Lady He" (和貴人), and the emperor sent a maid of honour as a wife to her older brother. ^[1][2]

In May or June 1762, Lady Hezhuo was promoted to "Concubine Rong" (容嬪). ^[6][7] In the same year, her brother was made duke of Fuguo in reward for his assistance against the rebels in southern Xinjiang.^[2] She accompanied the court when it debouched for Rehe and Mulan Hunting grounds.^[7] In 1765, she and her brother were invited to join the emperor's fourth inspection trip to southern China.^[2]

In November or December 1768,^[8] Lady Hezhuo was promoted to "Consort Rong" (容妃). The emperor had ordered a special hat of velvet for her because there was a shortage of Manchu court headwear.^[9] The emperor had arranged for her a Uyghur chef,^[1] and a Muslim palace with engravings of texts from the Quran, called Fangwai Guan.^[6] The emperor even built a mosque for her at the Summer Palace near Beijing.^[10] In 1771, she joined the eastern tour to Tiashan and Qufu. ^[7]

Jade plaque with verse, Imperial gift to Consort Rong 御赐蓉妃 乾隆

Lady Hezhuo found such a great favour with the emperor, that in 1774, he celebrated her fortieth birthday four months ahead of time. During the autumn hunting festival that year, she was placed in second position among the imperial consorts who joined the tour.^[9] She enjoyed a high prestige in the imperial palace, a prominent seat reserved for her in banquets.^[9] At an early 1779 banquet at the Old Summer Palace, she took head of the western table. By the end of the year, she had advanced to second position at eastern table.^[7] In 1784, the emperor celebrated her fiftieth birthday. ^[9]

Lady Hezhuo died on 24 May 1788. ^[8][11][12] Her coffin was moved from West Garden to Jing'an zuang, and she was interred in October in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs.^[9][13] Her tomb was opened and put in order in October 1979, and in 1983 it was opened for public. Her coffin bears an inscription from the Quran written in Arabic. ^[9]

Titles

• During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):
  • Lady Hezhuo (from 10 October 1734)
• During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):
  • Noble Lady He (和貴人; from 1761^[14]), sixth rank consort
  • Concubine Rong (容嫔; from May/June 1762^[15]), fifth rank consort
  • Consort Rong (容妃; from November/December 1768^[16]), fourth rank consort

Legacy

Her story changed over time, transforming her into a fictional character Xiang Fei (香妃; Fragrant Consort) around the early 1920s. Movies and TV series were made about the fictitious Fragrant Consort.

See also

• Ranks of imperial consorts in China § Qing
• Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

References

1. Millward 1994, p. 434.
2. Lee, Lau & Stefanowska 2015, p. 358.
3. 王镜轮; 向斯 (1998). 珍图本历代宮廷生活. 金城出版社. p. 85. ISBN 978-7-80084-190-3.
4. Aierken 2019, p. 6.
5. Aierken 2019, pp. 6–7.
6. Aierken 2019, p. 7.
7. Millward 1994, p. 435.
8. Aierken 2019, p. 7 n. 14.
9. Lee, Lau & Stefanowska 2015, p. 359.
10. Zhang Hongxing; Hongxing Zhang (2002). The Qianlong Emperor: Treasures from the Forbidden City. NMS. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-901663-77-8.
11. Millward 1994, p. 436.
12. Evelyn S. Rawski (5 February 2001). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions. University of California Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-520-22837-5.
13. Millward 1994, pp. 436–37.
14. 乾隆二十六年
15. 乾隆二十七年五月
16. 乾隆三十年十月

Sources

• Aierken, Yipaer (2019). Ethnicity and Identity in the Art of Giuseppe Castiglione (PDF) (Master Thesis). Arizona State University.
• Millward, James A. (1994). "A Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong's Court: The Meanings of the Fragrant Concubine". The Journal of Asian Studies. 53 (2): 427–458. doi:10.2307/2059841. JSTOR 2059841. S2CID 154062771.
• Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Lau, Clara; Stefanowska, A.D. (17 July 2015). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: v. 1: The Qing Period, 1644-1911. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47588-0.