Comparison of browser engines

This article compares browser engines, especially actively-developed ones.^[a]

Some of these engines have shared origins. For example, the WebKit engine was created by forking the KHTML engine in 2001.^[1] Then, in 2013, a modified version of WebKit was officially forked as the Blink engine.^[2]

General information

Engine	Status[a]	Steward	License	Embedded in
WebKit	Active	Apple	GNU LGPL, BSD-style	Safari browser, plus all browsers for iOS;[3] GNOME Web, Konqueror, Orion
Blink	Active	Google	GNU LGPL, BSD-style	Google Chrome and all other Chromium-based browsers including Microsoft Edge, Brave, Vivaldi, Huawei Browser, Samsung Browser, and Opera[4]
Gecko	Active	Mozilla	Mozilla Public	Firefox browser and Thunderbird email client
Goanna[b]	Active	M. C. Straver[6]	Mozilla Public	Pale Moon, Basilisk, and K-Meleon browsers
Trident[c]	Maintained	Microsoft	Proprietary	Internet Explorer browser
EdgeHTML	Maintained	Microsoft	Proprietary	some UWP apps;[8] Microsoft Edge Legacy browser[9]
Presto[d]	Maintained	Opera	Proprietary	server-side for low-end phones;[d] formerly in the Opera browser
Flow[13]	Maintained	Ekioh[14]	Proprietary	Flow browser[15]
Servo[e]	Maintained	Linux Foundation	Mozilla Public	experimental browsers[17][18]
NetSurf[f]	Maintained	hobbyists[21]	GNU GPLv2	NetSurf browser[22]
LibWeb[g]	Maintained	Ladybird Browser Initiative[25]	2-clause BSD	Ladybird browser[24]
KHTML[26]	Discontinued	KDE	GNU LGPL	formerly in the Konqueror browser[27]

Support

These tables summarize what actively-developed^[a] engines support.

Operating systems

The operating systems that engines can run on without emulation.

Engine	Windows	macOS	iOS[3]	Android	Linux	BSD	Haiku
WebKit	Yes[i]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Blink	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes[ii]
Gecko	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	No
Goanna	Yes	Yes[28]	No	No[29]	Yes	Yes	No

Notes

1. Must be built from source code.
2. Only available through QtWebEngine.

Image formats

Engine	JPEG	JPEG 2000	JPEG XL	GIF	BMP	PNG	APNG	SVG	WebP	AVIF
WebKit	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Blink	Yes	No	No[30][31]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gecko	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Goanna	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No

Media formats

Engine	VP9	AV1	HEVC	H264+AAC	Opus	FLAC
WebKit	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Depends	Yes
Blink	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gecko	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
Goanna	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes

Typography

Engine	TTF	OTF	WOFF	WOFF2	@font-face	Ligatures
WebKit	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Blink	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Gecko	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Goanna	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Other items

Engine	Web Components	WebGL	WebGPU[32]	XHTML
WebKit	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Blink	Yes	Yes	Yes[33]	Yes
Gecko	Yes	Yes	No	Yes
Goanna	Yes[34]	Yes	No	Yes

See also

• Comparison of web browsers
• Comparison of email clients

Notes

1. Active status means that new Web standards continue to be added to the engine, which properly renders the vast majority of websites, including multimedia. However, Maintained status can be as minimal as ensuring the engine code still compiles; this includes relatively new engines that are not yet robust enough to be Active here. Discontinued is when the engine code is abandoned.
2. Goanna is a fork of an old version of Gecko. It has less web compatibility, but still renders the vast majority of websites.^[5]
3. Internet Explorer continues to receive security updates,^[7] which means Trident (a.k.a. MSHTML) is still maintained.
4. In 2013, Opera replaced the Presto engine with Blink for its flagship desktop and mobile browser. But it still has a special niche usage of Presto as a server-side renderer for the Opera Mini browser, which provides a limited browsing capability on low-end phones.^[10][11] Presto was last updated in 2015,^[12] but is considered Maintained here because of its usage.
5. Servo has the goal of being a viable alternative to the major engines. However, there is still a lot of work to be done,^[16] so it is Maintained status here.
6. NetSurf does not fully support HTML5 or other recent Web standards,^[19][20] which means it cannot work properly on YouTube, Gmail, and many other popular websites. Thus it does not merit Active status per this article's criteria.
7. LibWeb will not be ready for real browsing until at least 2026.^[23][24] Thus it does not merit Active status per this article's criteria.

References

1. Paul Festa (14 January 2003). "Apple snub stings Mozilla". CNET Networks. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
2. Bright, Peter (3 April 2013). "Google going its own way, forking WebKit rendering engine". Ars Technica. Conde Nast. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
3. "Open-sourcing Chrome on iOS!". 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2021. Due to constraints of the iOS platform, all browsers must be built on top of the WebKit rendering engine.
4. "Current browser market share". StatCounter. Retrieved 29 October 2021.
5. M.C. Straver (a.k.a. Moonchild) (July 2022). "Re: YouTube SLOW!". forum.palemoon.org. For the record, even I am not exclusively using Pale Moon either, because the web simply is too Google-centric at the moment. I do use it for the vast majority of sites but there are a few like Youtube and some sites which are simply not interested in being browser agnostic where I use Edge, instead.
6. M. C. Straver. "About Moonchild Productions". Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
7. "Lifecycle FAQ – Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge – Microsoft Lifecycle". docs.microsoft.com. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
8. Mendelevich, Alan (14 May 2021). "You Think You Can Forget About the "Legacy" Microsoft Edge? Not So Fast!".
9. Mackie, Kurt (10 December 2018). "Microsoft Edge Browser To Get New Rendering Engine but EdgeHTML Continues". Redmond Mag. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
10. "Opera Browsers, Modes & Engines". Retrieved 8 January 2024.
11. "Have you heard about Opera mini extreme mode?". Retrieved 8 January 2024.
12. "Opera Mini server upgrade". dev.opera.com. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
13. "Flow Preview Builds". Ekioh. Retrieved 5 November 2023. Flow's goal is to render every website correctly... but there is currently a long way left to go.
14. "About Ekioh". Ekioh.
15. "Flow Browser". Ekioh.
16. "Servo Projects". GitHub.
17. "A new browser for Magic Leap". 3 December 2018. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
18. "Firefox Reality for HoloLens 2". 21 May 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
19. "Development Progress". NetSurf. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
20. "NetSurf | News". NetSurf. Retrieved 11 May 2022.
21. "NetSurf Developer page". Netsurf-browser.org. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
22. "NetSurf web browser homepage". Netsurf-browser.org. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
23. Kling, Andreas. "Ladybird FAQ's". ladybird.org. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
24. Andreas Kling (September 2022). "Ladybird: A new cross-platform browser project". Please note that we're still early in development, and many web platform features are missing or broken. It's going to take a long time before Ladybird is ready for day-to-day browsing.
25. Kling, Andreas (1 July 2024). "Announcing the Ladybird Browser Initiative". ladybird.org.
26. "KHTML repository". GitHub. Retrieved 5 May 2023. Removed for KF6, the 'kf5' branch contains the last maintained state.
27. "Port Konqueror away from KHTML". phabricator.kde.org. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
28. "#1829 Restore Mac OS X code and buildability". 31 March 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022.
29. "Pale Moon for Android is dead". forum.palemoon.org. April 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2021.
30. "Google kills forthcoming JPEG XL image format in Chromium". The Register. 31 October 2022. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
31. Purdy, Kevin (17 April 2023). "FSF: Chrome's JPEG XL killing shows how the web works under browser hegemony". Ars Technica. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
32. "WebGPU Implementation Status". GitHub. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
33. "Chrome ships WebGPU". developer.chrome.com. Google. Retrieved 23 February 2024.
34. "Pale Moon - Release Notes". 21 March 2023.