Comac C909

The Comac C909, originally known as the ARJ21 Xiangfeng (Chinese: 翔凤; pinyin: xiángfèng; lit. 'Soaring Phoenix' is a 78–90 seat regional jet manufactured by the Chinese state-owned aerospace company Comac.

C909 Xiangfeng
A C909 of Chengdu Airlines, the type's launch operator
General information
Type	Regional jet
Manufacturer	Comac
Designer	ACAC consortium
Status	In production, in service
Primary user	Chengdu Airlines[1]
Number built	150 (as of 29 October 2024)[2][3]
History
Manufactured	2007–present[2]
Introduction date	28 June 2016 with Chengdu Airlines[4]
First flight	November 28, 2008 (2008-11-28)

Development of the ARJ21 began in March 2002, led by the state-owned ACAC consortium. The first prototype was rolled out on 21 December 2007, and made its maiden flight on 28 November 2008 from Shanghai. It received its CAAC Type Certification on 30 December 2014 and was introduced on 28 June 2016 by Chengdu Airlines. The ACAC consortium was reorganized in 2009 as part of Comac and the jet was rebranded as the C909 in November 2024.

It features a 25° swept, supercritical wing designed by Antonov and twin rear-mounted General Electric CF34 engines. 100 airframes had been delivered by the end of 2022.^[2]

Development

Joy Air ARJ21 Model at the 2008 China Airshow

Typical economy cabin with 2-3 seating

The development of the ARJ21 (Advanced Regional Jet) is a key project in the "10th Five-Year Plan" of China. It began in March 2002 and was led by the state-owned ACAC consortium. The maiden flight of the ARJ21 was initially planned to take place in 2005 with commercial service beginning 18 months later.^[5] The programme became eight years behind schedule.^[6] The design work was delayed and the final trial production stage did not begin until June 2006.^[7]

The first prototype (serial number 101) rolled out on 21 December 2007,^[8] with a maiden flight on 28 November 2008 at Shanghai's Dachang Airfield.^{[citation needed]} The aircraft completed a long-distance test flight on 15 July 2009, flying from Shanghai to Xi'an in 2 hours 19 minutes, over a distance of 1,300 km. The second ARJ21 (serial number 102) completed the same test flight route on 24 August 2009. The third aircraft (serial number 103) similarly completed its first test flight on 12 September 2009.^[9] The fourth aircraft (CN 104) flew by November 2010. By August 2011, static, flutter and crosswind flight tests had been completed.^[10]

The ARJ21 is a small jet aircraft that looks similar to the McDonnell Douglas MD-80.^[11] However, the company claims that the ARJ21 is a completely indigenous design. The ACAC consortium was reorganized in 2009 and became a part of COMAC.^[12]

Key flight tests and CAAC certification

AC104 returned to China on April 28, 2014, after completing natural-icing tests in North America. This was the first time a turbofan-powered regional jet independently developed by China had flown abroad to carry out flight tests in special weather conditions. At the same time, other flight-test aircraft covered more than 30,000 km across Asia, America, Europe, and the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Natural-icing tests are required for airworthiness certification, and conducting these tests outside China showed it was feasible to do certification tests for civil aircraft in other countries.^[13]

The first production aircraft flew on 18 June 2014.^[6] and AC104 completed an airspeed calibration flight on October 30. Route-proving started on October 29, 2014, and AC105 made 83 flights between ten airports in Chengdu, Guiyang, Guilin, Haikou, Fuzhou, Zhoushan, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Yinchuan and Xianyang. The cumulative flight time was 173 hours and 55 minutes.^[14] By November 2014, AC104 had completed 711 flights in 1,442 hours and 23 minutes. Certification tests included stall, high-speed, noise and simulated and natural icing.^[15] AC105 returned to Yanliang airport on December 16, 2014, from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport after the last function and reliability flight. This completed the testing for the ARJ21-700 airworthiness certificate.

The ARJ21-700 received its Type Certification under Chapter 25 of the Chinese civil aviation regulations from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), on December 30, 2014.^[16] The certification program for the CAAC required 5,000 hours.^[17] An ARJ21-700 completed a final demonstration flight on 12 September 2015 before being delivered to a customer.

Introduction

Chengdu Airlines' ARJ21 at Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in 2019

The first ARJ21 for Air China was delivered on 28 June 2020

On 29 November 2015, COMAC delivered the first ARJ21-700 to Chengdu Airlines.^[18] The first commercial flight took off from Chengdu Shuangliu Airport on June 28, 2016, landing in Shanghai two hours later,^[19][20] one day after its commercial flight was approved by the CAAC. During the summer schedule period of 2016, i.e. until October 29, 2016, the ARJ21-700 was scheduled to operate three weekly rotations between Chengdu and Shanghai Hongqiao. 85 flight segments were operated by ARJ21 (81 by B-3321, four by B-3322).

Further developments

In June 2018 an ARJ21-700+ was proposed for 2021 with weight and drag reductions. Subsequently, a -900 stretch version was designed to accommodate 115 all-economy seats, similar to the Bombardier CRJ900, Embraer E175-E2 or Mitsubishi MRJ90. Structurally conservative and designed for hot and high operations, the ARJ21's 25 t (55,000 lb) empty weight is higher than initially targeted in 2002, and also higher than competing aircraft. In 2018 an executive version was in final assembly and a cargo variant was proposed.^[21]

Freighter conversion program

B-3388, one of the first two aircraft converted to ARJ21P2F, in Air Central livery at the 2024 Singapore Airshow

The ARJ21 Passenger to Freighter (P2F) conversion program began in May 2020; the type certification and testing program was completed in December 2022 and the type certified by the CAAC on 1 January, 2023.^[22]

The first two ARJ21 converted freighters (B-3329 and B-3388) were delivered to customers on 30 October 2023. The two airframes were initially delivered to Chengdu Airlines in 2018 in the passenger configuration and were subsequently withdrawn for the P2F program in 2021. Airframe B-3329 was handed over to YTO Cargo Airlines which intends to operate the type on short-haul international routes while airframe B-3388 was delivered to Air Central (based in Zhengzhou, China) for flights on domestic routes.^[23] The converted freighters have a maximum payload capacity of 10 tonnes and a range of about 1500 nautical miles (2780 km).^[23]

Production

In early July 2017, the CAAC certified the ARJ21 for mass production.^[24] On 6 March 2020, the first ARJ21 assembled at the second production line in Pudong, took its first production test flight.^[25] The second production line, with a production capacity of up to 30 jets a year, is located at the same facility that assembles the C919.^[25]

Rebranding

In October 2024, images of an ARJ21 in C909 livery emerged.^[26] Comac officially announced the rebranding at the Zhuhai Air Show in November 2024.^[27] This brings the naming in line with the convention of Comac's other two programmes, the C919 and C929.

Design

Several sources have noted that the ARJ21 closely resembles the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and the MD-90, which were produced under licence in China.^[11][28] Comac states that the ARJ21 is a completely indigenous design.^[29][30][31] The ARJ21's development did depend heavily on foreign suppliers, including engines and avionics from the United States. The ARJ21 has a new supercritical wing designed by Antonov with a sweepback of 25 degrees and winglets.^[32][33][34] Some of China's supercomputers have been used to design parts for the ARJ21.^[35]

Manufacturers

Members of the ACAC consortium, which was formed to develop the aircraft, will manufacture major components of the aircraft:

• Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group: construction of the nose
• Xi'an Aircraft Company: construction of the wings and fuselage; wing designed by Antonov
• Shenyang Aircraft Corporation: construction of the empennage
• Shanghai Aircraft Company: final assembly
• General Electric: CF-34 turbofan^[36]
• Rockwell Collins: Avionics
• Various domestic and international suppliers of component's suppliers.^[37][38]

Variants

ARJ21-700

Baseline model which has a capacity of 70 to 95 passengers.

ARJ21-900

Stretched fuselage model based on the ARJ21-700, which will have a capacity of 95 to 105 passengers.

ARJ21F

Planned dedicated freighter version of the ARJ21-700. It will have a capacity of five LD7 containers or PIP pallets, with a maximum payload of 10,150 kg.

ARJ21P2F

The ARJ21P2F is designed with a maximum payload of 10,150kg and is compatible with PMC, PAG and AKE cargo containers.^[22] The first aircraft began conversion operations on 22 December, 2022 at GAMECO in Guangzhou, China.^[39] The first batch of conversions involves 2 ARJ21-700 aircraft originally operated by Chengdu Airlines and was returned to COMAC in 2021.^[40]

ARJ21B

Planned business jet version of the ARJ21-700. A typical configuration would cater for 20 passengers.

Operators

Main article: List of Comac ARJ21 operators

China Southern Airlines' ARJ21

OTT Airlines' ARJ21

TransNusa ARJ21, the first operator outside China

As of October 2018, there were six aircraft in commercial service with an average monthly utilization rate of around 30 hours.^[17]

By the end of 2021, 66 aircraft had been delivered to customers.^[41] And by the end of 2022, 100 aircraft have been delivered.^[42]

Orders and deliveries

As of 31 August 2018, Comac had 221 outstanding orders, after 23 deliveries to launch operator Chengdu Airlines who put it in service on 28 June 2016.^[43]

Executing orders^[2] The following table is current as of 27 September 2024. Note that the numbers listed in the table have been obtained by cross-referencing the two web-based sources cited in the footnotes. Also note that the numbers listed are for the initial annual deliveries to (non-COMAC) commercial operators and do not necessarily reflect the number of airframes currently operated by each listed operator; as a result, the total number delivered may exceed the total number of airframes cited in the original contracts.

Date	Airline	Confirmed (+Options)	Deliveries
			2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
8/30/2019	Air China	35						3	4	8	9	7[44][45]
1/2010	Chengdu Airlines	30	1	1	2	6	8	6	6	4		3[44]
8/30/2019	OTT Airlines (Subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines)	35						2	5	10		7[44]
11/2020	China Express Airlines	50						2	1	3	2
8/30/2019	China Southern Airlines	35						3	4	8	9	8[44][3]
12/2019	China Flight General Aviation Company (CFGAC)	2					1	1				1[3]
8/20/2018	Genghis Khan Airlines	25(+25)					3	2			1	1[44]
1/2020	Jiangxi Air	5						3	2
	Urumqi Air	5
12/2022	TransNusa	30								1	1	1[44]
Totals		252(+25)	1	1	2	6	12	22	22	34	22	28
			150

Reported Orders

Date	Airline	Type				Options	Rights
		ARJ21-700	ARJ21-700F	ARJ21-700P2F	ARJ21B
September 2003	Shanghai Airlines[46]	5
	Shandong Airlines[46]	10
	Shenzhen Financial Leasing[46]	20
March 2004	Xiamen Airlines[47][a]	37[citation needed]
December 2007	Henan Airlines[48][49]	100
December 2007	9nes[50][51]	2
March 2008	GECAS[52]	5				20
	Joy Air[53]	50
May 2010	Merukh Enterprises[54]	10
November 11, 2014	Republic of Congo[55]	4
March 9, 2015	ICBC Leasing[56]	30
August 30, 2019	China Eastern Airlines[57]	35
October, 2022	Longhao Airlines		50[40]
November, 2022	YTO Cargo Airlines[citation needed]	70		2[40]
20 September 2023	GallopAir[58]	12		3[59]
Totals		345 Orders				20

1. Although the Xiamen order for six was reported in some press as firm, ACAC's own web site still shows them as "options"

An Indonesian airline will fly with its entire fleet consisting of 60 ARJ21 aircraft, although as of now that airline is not specified.^[60]

Specifications

	ARJ21-700	ARJ21-900
Cockpit crew	Two
Seating capacity	90 (1-class) 78 (2-class)	105 (1-class) 98 (2-class)
Seat pitch	31 in (1-class), 36 & 32 in (2-class)
Length	33.46 m (109 ft 9 in)	36.35 m (119 ft 3 in)
Wingspan	27.28 m (89 ft 6 in)
Wing area	79.86 m2 (859.6 sq ft)
Wing sweepback	25 degrees
Height	8.44 m (27 ft 8 in)
Cabin width	3.14 m (10 ft 4 in)
Cabin height	2.03 m (6 ft 8 in)
Aisle width	48.3 cm (19.0 in)
Seat width	45.5 cm (17.9 in)
OEW	24,955 kg (55,016 lb)	26,270 kg (57,920 lb) STD 26,770 kg (59,020 lb) ER
MTOW	40,500 kg (89,300 lb) STD 43,500 kg (95,900 lb) ER	43,616 kg (96,157 lb) STD 47,182 kg (104,019 lb) ER
Cargo capacity	20.14 m3 (711 cu ft)	-
Take-off run at MTOW	1,700 m (5,600 ft) STD 1,900 m (6,200 ft) ER	1,750 m (5,740 ft) STD 1,950 m (6,400 ft) ER
Service ceiling	11,900 m (39,000 ft)
Max. operating speed	Mach 0.82 (870 km/h; 470 kn; 541 mph)
Normal cruise speed	Mach 0.78 (828 km/h; 447 kn; 514 mph)
Range (fully loaded)	1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) STD 2,000 nmi (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) ER	1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi) STD 1,800 nmi (3,300 km; 2,100 mi) ER
Maximum fuel load	10,386 kg (22,897 lb)	-
Powerplants (2x)	General Electric CF34-10A[61]
Engine thrust	75.87 kN (17,057 lbf)	82 kN (18,500 lbf)

• Notes: Data are provided for reference only. STD = Standard Range, ER = Extended Range
• Sources: ARJ21 Series,^[62] ICAS^[63]

See also

• China portal
• Aviation portal

• Comac C919

Related development

• Boeing 717

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Antonov An-148
• Sukhoi Superjet 100
• Bombardier CRJ700 series
• Embraer E-Jets
• Fokker 100
• Mitsubishi Regional Jet

Related lists

• List of jet airliners
• List of airliners
• List of Chinese aircraft

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External links

• ACAC Manufacturer of ARJ21
• Toh, Mavis (27 August 2015). "Comac working toward November ARJ21 delivery". Flightglobal.
• Govindasamy, Siva; Miller, Matthew (21 October 2015). "China-made regional jet set for delivery, but no U.S. certification". Reuters.
• "ACAC Selection Of GE's CF34 Engine".