Comac C909

The Comac C909, originally known as the ARJ21 Xiangfeng (Chinese: 翔凤; pinyin: xiángfèng; lit. 'Soaring Phoenix'), is a 78–90 seat regional jet manufactured by the Chinese state-owned aerospace company Comac.

COMAC C909
Air China C909ER
General information
Other name(s)	ARJ21
Type	Xiangfeng
Role	Airliner
National origin	China
Manufacturer	Comac
Designer	ACAC consortium Antonov
Status	In production, in service
Primary users	Chengdu Airlines[1] Air China China Southern Airlines China Eastern Airlines
Number built	169 (as of 3 January 2025)[2][3]
History
Manufactured	2007–present[2]
Introduction date	28 June 2016 with Chengdu Airlines[4]
First flight	28 November 2008 (2008-11-28)

Development of the ARJ21 began in March 2002, led by the state-owned ACAC consortium. The first prototype was rolled out on 21 December 2007, and made its maiden flight on 28 November 2008 from Shanghai. It received its CAAC Type Certification on 30 December 2014 and was introduced on 28 June 2016 by Chengdu Airlines. The ACAC consortium was reorganized in 2009 as part of Comac and the jet was rebranded as the C909 in November 2024.

It features a 25° swept, supercritical wing designed by Antonov and twin rear-mounted General Electric CF34 engines. 100 airframes had been delivered by the end of 2022.^[2]

Development

Joy Air ARJ21 Model at the 2008 China Airshow

Typical economy cabin with 2–3 seating

In 1985, Shanghai Aircraft Manufacturing Company, now a part of Comac,^[5] launched a "troubled" partnership with McDonnell Douglas to co-produce the MD-80, a similar-looking small jet aircraft.^[6][7] After producing 20 MD-80s, the joint venture eventually collapsed, but China refused to return the tooling used.^[8] Western analysts state that the ARJ21 is "heavily derived" from the MD-80, including its 1980s-era airframe.^[6] However, Chinese state media claim that the ARJ21 is an indigenous design.^[9]

The development of the ARJ21 (Advanced Regional Jet) was a key project in the "10th Five-Year Plan" of China. The project officially began in March 2002 and was led by the state-owned ACAC consortium. The maiden flight of the ARJ21 was initially planned to take place in 2005 with commercial service beginning 18 months later.^[10] The programme became eight years behind schedule.^[11] The design work was delayed and the final trial production stage did not begin until June 2006.^[12]

The first prototype (serial number 101) rolled out on 21 December 2007,^[13] with a maiden flight on 28 November 2008 at Shanghai's Dachang Airfield.^{[citation needed]} The aircraft completed a long-distance test flight on 15 July 2009, flying from Shanghai to Xi'an in 2 hours 19 minutes, over a distance of 1,300 km. The second ARJ21 (serial number 102) completed the same test flight route on 24 August 2009. The third aircraft (serial number 103) similarly completed its first test flight on 12 September 2009.^[14] The fourth aircraft (CN 104) flew by November 2010. By August 2011, static, flutter and crosswind flight tests had been completed.^[15]

The ACAC consortium was reorganized in 2009 and became a part of COMAC.^[16]

Key flight tests and CAAC certification

AC104 returned to China on 28 April 2014, after completing natural-icing tests in North America. This was the first time a turbofan-powered regional jet independently developed by China had flown abroad to carry out flight tests in special weather conditions. At the same time, other flight-test aircraft covered more than 30,000 km across Asia, America, Europe, and the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Natural-icing tests are required for airworthiness certification, and conducting these tests outside China showed it was feasible to do certification tests for civil aircraft in other countries.^[17]

The first production aircraft flew on 18 June 2014.^[11] and AC104 completed an airspeed calibration flight on 30 October. Route-proving started on 29 October 2014, and AC105 made 83 flights between ten airports in Chengdu, Guiyang, Guilin, Haikou, Fuzhou, Zhoushan, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, Yinchuan and Xianyang. The cumulative flight time was 173 hours and 55 minutes.^[18] By November 2014, AC104 had completed 711 flights in 1,442 hours and 23 minutes. Certification tests included stall, high-speed, noise and simulated and natural icing.^[19] AC105 returned to Yanliang airport on December 16, 2014, from Xi'an Xianyang International Airport after the last function and reliability flight. This completed the testing for the ARJ21-700 airworthiness certificate.

The ARJ21-700 received its Type Certification under Chapter 25 of the Chinese civil aviation regulations from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC), on 30 December 2014.^[20] The certification program for the CAAC required 5,000 hours.^[21] An ARJ21-700 completed a final demonstration flight on 12 September 2015 before being delivered to a customer.

Introduction

Chengdu Airlines' ARJ21 at Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport in 2019

The first ARJ21 for Air China was delivered on 28 June 2020

On 29 November 2015, COMAC delivered the first ARJ21-700 to Chengdu Airlines.^[22] The first commercial flight took off from Chengdu Shuangliu Airport on 28 June 2016, landing in Shanghai two hours later,^[23][24] one day after its commercial flight was approved by the CAAC. During the summer schedule period of 2016, i.e. until 29 October 2016, the ARJ21-700 was scheduled to operate three weekly rotations between Chengdu and Shanghai Hongqiao. 85 flight segments were operated by ARJ21 (81 by B-3321, four by B-3322).

Further developments

In June 2018 an ARJ21-700+ was proposed for 2021 with weight and drag reductions. Subsequently, a -900 stretch version was designed to accommodate 115 all-economy seats, similar to the Bombardier CRJ900, Embraer E175-E2 or Mitsubishi MRJ90. Structurally conservative and designed for hot and high operations, the ARJ21's 25 t (55,000 lb) empty weight is higher than initially targeted in 2002, and also higher than competing aircraft. In 2018 an executive version was in final assembly and a cargo variant was proposed.^[25]

Freighter conversion program

B-3388, one of the first two aircraft converted to ARJ21-700 CCF, in Air Central livery at the 2024 Singapore Airshow

The ARJ21 COMAC Converted Freighter (CCF) conversion program began in May 2020; the type certification and testing program was completed in December 2022 and the type certified by the CAAC on 1 January 2023.^[26]

The first two ARJ21 converted freighters (B-3329 and B-3388) were delivered to customers on 30 October 2023. The two airframes were initially delivered to Chengdu Airlines in 2018 in the passenger configuration and were subsequently withdrawn for the CCF program in 2021. Airframe B-3329 was handed over to YTO Cargo Airlines which intends to operate the type on short-haul international routes while airframe B-3388 was delivered to Air Central (based in Zhengzhou, China) for flights on domestic routes.^[27] The converted freighters have a maximum payload capacity of 10 tonnes and a range of about 1500 nautical miles (2780 km).^[27]

Production

In early July 2017, the CAAC certified the ARJ21 for mass production.^[28] On 6 March 2020, the first ARJ21 assembled at the second production line in Pudong, took its first production test flight.^[29] The second production line, with a production capacity of up to 30 jets a year, is located at the same facility that assembles the C919.^[29]

Rebranding

In October 2024, images of an ARJ21 in C909 livery emerged.^[30] Comac officially announced the rebranding at the Zhuhai Air Show in November 2024.^[31] This brings the naming in line with the convention of Comac's other two programmes, the C919 and C929.

Design

Several sources have noted that the ARJ21 closely resembles the McDonnell Douglas MD-80 and the MD-90, which were produced under licence in China.^[7][32] Comac states that the ARJ21 is a completely indigenous design.^[33][34][35] The ARJ21's development did depend heavily on foreign suppliers, including engines and avionics from the United States. The ARJ21 has a new supercritical wing designed by Antonov with a sweepback of 25 degrees and winglets.^[36][37][38] Some of China's supercomputers have been used to design parts for the ARJ21.^[39]

Frame

Members of the ACAC consortium, which was formed to develop the aircraft, will manufacture major framework components of the aircraft:

• Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group: construction of the nose
• Xi'an Aircraft Company: construction of the wings and fuselage; wing designed by Antonov
• Shenyang Aircraft Corporation: construction of the empennage
• Shanghai Aircraft Company: final assembly

Engine

The inflight power source of COMAC C909 is General Electric CF-34 turbofan,^[40] which is also widely used on other regional jets like the Mitsubishi CRJ and Embraer E-Jets.

Avionics

COMAC chose Collins Aerospace Pro Line 21 integrated avionics system (IAS) as their flight deck avionics solution,^[41][42]they also supply the FMS-4200 flight management system (FMS) for the C909, which can also be seen on Mitsubishi CRJ550/700/900/1000 regional aircraft and the weather radar.

Variants

In production

Official model designation	Marketing name	Remarks
ARJ21-700 STD	C909STD	Standard
ARJ21-700 ER	C909ER/CBJ/EMJ	Extended range
ARJ21-700 CCJ	C909CCJ	COMAC converted freighter

C909STD

Standard (STD) model which has a capacity of 70 to 95 passengers.

C909ER

Chengdu Airlines C909ER at Chengdu Tianfu Airport

Extended range (ER) variant which has a capacity of 70 to 95 passengers. It has a higher maximum take off weight (MTOW) and maximum landing weight (MLW) to accommodate more fuel when carrying the same amount of payload compared to the standard version, therefore extended the range without installing auxiliary fuel tanks.

C909CBJ

COMAC Business Jet (CBJ) version of the C909, previously marketed as CBJ21-700, it is based on the extended range version of the C909. A typical configuration would cater for 20 passengers and is highly customizable to accommodate the need of the client. Only one airframe has been made for demonstration purposes (B-001X).

C909EMJ

Emergency Management Jet (EMJ) variant based on the C909ER, only one airframe has been modified for demonstration purposes (B-603Q, MSN 124).

On February 20, 2024, it is reported that the Chinese state-owned Henan Civil Aviation Development and Investment Group ordered 6 C909 variants including the C909EMJ.^[43]

C909CCF

Air Central C909CCF at Singapore Airshow

The C909CCF (COMAC converted freighter) is designed with a maximum payload of 9,467kg and is compatible with PMC, PAG and AKE cargo containers.^[26] The first aircraft began conversion operations on 22 December, 2022 at GAMECO in Guangzhou, China.^[44] The first batch of conversions involves two C909ER [ARJ21-700 ER] aircraft originally built and operated by Chengdu Airlines and returned to COMAC in 2021.^[45]

Proposed

C909F

Planned factory built dedicated freighter version of the C909. It will have a capacity of five LD7 containers or PIP pallets, with a maximum payload of 10,150 kg.

C909 Stretched fuselage

Originally called ARJ21-900, the stretched fuselage model will be based on the C909 [ARJ21-700], which will have a capacity of 95 to 105 passengers.

Operators

Main article: List of Comac C909 operators

China Southern Airlines' ARJ21

OTT Airlines' ARJ21

TransNusa ARJ21, the first operator outside China

As of October 2018, there were six aircraft in commercial service with an average monthly utilization rate of around 30 hours.^[21]

By the end of 2021, 66 aircraft had been delivered to customers.^[46] And by the end of 2022, 100 aircraft have been delivered.^[47]

Orders and deliveries

As of 31 August 2018, Comac had 221 outstanding orders, after 23 deliveries to launch operator Chengdu Airlines who put it in service on 28 June 2016.^[48]

Executing orders^[2] The following table is current as of 31 January 2025. Note that the numbers listed in the table have been obtained by cross-referencing the two web-based sources cited in the footnotes. Also note that the numbers listed are for the initial annual deliveries to (non-COMAC) commercial operators and do not necessarily reflect the number of airframes currently operated by each listed operator; as a result, the total number delivered may exceed the total number of airframes cited in the original contracts.

Date	Airline	Confirmed (+Options)	Deliveries
			2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024	2025
8/30/2019	Air China	35						3	4	8	9	9[3][2]
1/2010	Chengdu Airlines	30	1	1	2	6	8	6	6	4		5[3]
8/30/2019	OTT Airlines (Subsidiary of China Eastern Airlines)	35						2	5	10		7[49]	2
11/2020	China Express Airlines	50						2	1	3	2	2[3]	1
8/30/2019	China Southern Airlines	35						3	4	8	9	9[3]
12/2019	China Flight General Aviation Company (CFGAC)	2					1	1				1[50]
8/20/2018	Genghis Khan Airlines	25(+25)					3	2			1	1[49]
1/2020	Jiangxi Air	5						3	2
	Urumqi Air	5
12/2022	TransNusa	30								1	1	1[49]
11/2024	Hainan Airlines	40
11/2024	Colorful Guizhou Airlines	20(+10)
Totals		312(+35)	1	1	2	6	12	22	22	34	22	35	3
			160

Reported Orders

Date	Airline	Type				Options	Rights
		ARJ21-700	ARJ21-700F	ARJ21-700P2F	ARJ21B
September 2003	Shanghai Airlines[51]	5
	Shandong Airlines[51]	10
	Shenzhen Financial Leasing[51]	20
March 2004	Xiamen Airlines[52][a]	37[citation needed]
December 2007	Henan Airlines[53][54]	100
December 2007	9nes[55][56]	2
March 2008	GECAS[57]	5				20
	Joy Air[58]	50
May 2010	Merukh Enterprises[59]	10
11 November 2014	Republic of Congo[60]	4
9 March 2015	ICBC Leasing[61]	30
30 August 2019	China Eastern Airlines[62]	35
October 2022	Longhao Airlines		50[45]
November 2022	YTO Cargo Airlines[citation needed]	70		2[45]
20 September 2023	GallopAir[63]	12		3[64]
Totals		345 Orders				20

1. Although the Xiamen order for six was reported in some press as firm, ACAC's own web site still shows them as "options"

An Indonesian airline will fly with its entire fleet consisting of 60 ARJ21 aircraft, although as of now that airline is not specified.^[65]

Specifications

Official designation	ARJ21-700 STD	ARJ21-700 ER		ARJ21-700 CCF
Marketing name	C909STD	C909ER	CBJ909	C909CCF
Cockpit crew	Two
Seating capacity	90 (1-class) 78 (2-class)		20 (VIP)	Cargo
Seat pitch	31 in (1-class), 36 & 32 in (2-class)		VIP	/
Length	33.46 m (109 ft 9 in)
Wingspan	27.28 m (89 ft 6 in)
Wing area	79.86 m2 (859.6 sq ft)
Wing sweepback	25 degrees
Height	8.44 m (27 ft 8 in)
Cabin width	3.14 m (10 ft 4 in)
Cabin height	2.03 m (6 ft 8 in)
Aisle width	48.3 cm (19.0 in)		VIP	/
Seat width	45.5 cm (17.9 in)		VIP	/
OEW	24,955 kg (55,016 lb)		24,900 kg (54,900 lb)	24,666 kg (54,379 lb)
MZFW	33,890 kg (74,710 lb)			34,163 kg (75,317 lb)
MTW	40,580 kg (89,460 lb)	43,580 kg (96,080 lb)
MTOW	40,500 kg (89,300 lb)	43,500 kg (95,900 lb)
MLW	37,665 kg (83,037 lb)	40,455 kg (89,188 lb)
Max. payload	8,935 kg (19,698 lb)		8,000 kg (18,000 lb)	9,467 kg (20,871 lb)
Cargo capacity	20.14 m3 (711 cu ft)			115.48 m3 (4,078 cu ft)
Take-off run at MTOW	1,700 m (5,600 ft)	1,900 m (6,200 ft)
Service ceiling	11,900 m (39,000 ft)
Max. operating speed	Mach 0.82 (870 km/h; 470 kn; 541 mph)
Normal cruise speed	Mach 0.78 (828 km/h; 447 kn; 514 mph)
Range (fully loaded)	1,200 nmi (2,200 km; 1,400 mi)	2,000 nmi (3,700 km; 2,300 mi)
Maximum fuel load	10,386 kg (22,897 lb)
Powerplants (2x)	General Electric CF34-10A[66]
Engine thrust	75.87 kN (17,057 lbf)

• Notes: Data are provided for reference only. STD = Standard Range, ER = Extended Range
• Sources: ARJ21 Series,^[67] ICAS^[68]

See also

• China portal
• Aviation portal

• Comac C919

Related development

• Boeing 717

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

• Antonov An-148
• Sukhoi Superjet 100
• Bombardier CRJ700 series
• Embraer E-Jets
• Fokker 100
• Mitsubishi Regional Jet

Related lists

• List of jet airliners
• List of airliners
• List of Chinese aircraft

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External links

• ACAC Manufacturer of ARJ21
• Toh, Mavis (27 August 2015). "Comac working toward November ARJ21 delivery". Flightglobal.
• Govindasamy, Siva; Miller, Matthew (21 October 2015). "China-made regional jet set for delivery, but no U.S. certification". Reuters.
• "ACAC Selection Of GE's CF34 Engine".