Coloradisaurus

Coloradisaurus (meaning "Los Colorados lizard") is a genus of massospondylid sauropodomorph dinosaur. It lived during the Late Triassic period (Norian stage) in what is now La Rioja Province, Argentina. It is known from two specimens collected from the Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin.

Coloradisaurus Temporal range: Norian ~213 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ [1]
Diagram showing known skull elements; shaded parts represent missing bones
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	Saurischia
Clade:	†Sauropodomorpha
Family:	†Massospondylidae
Genus:	†Coloradisaurus Galton, 1990[2][3]
Type species
†Coloradisaurus brevis (Bonaparte, 1978)[4]
Synonyms
Coloradia brevis Bonaparte, 1978 (preoccupied by Coloradia Blake, 1863)[5] "Coloradisaurus" Lambert, 1983 (nomen nudum)[3][6]

Taxonomy

Coloradisaurus brevis was originally named Coloradia brevis by José Bonaparte in 1978,^[4] but that genus name was preoccupied by the pine moth Coloradia,^[5] so it needed a replacement name. In 1983, David Lambert used the name Coloradisaurus for the genus, but did not indicate it was a replacement or diagnose it.^[6] Lambert had gotten the name from Bonaparte in a personal communication and mistakenly thought that Bonaparte had already published it.^[3] Peter Galton was the next to use the name Coloradisaurus in 1990, which he credited to Lambert, when he gave the taxon a diagnosis in his review of prosauropods in The Dinosauria.^[2][3] Authorship of Coloradisaurus has traditionally been attributed to Lambert, but in 2020, Greenfield et al. judged Lambert's use of the name to be a nomen nudum. They concluded that authorship should be attributed to Galton, who was the first to use the name Coloradisaurus in a way that met the requirements of the ICZN.^[3]

Description

The holotype of Coloradisaurus (PVL 3967) is a mostly complete skull found associated with an undescribed partial skeleton.^[4] While the right side of the skull is well-preserved with almost all bones intact, the left side is distorted and missing more bones.^[7] The holotype individual has been estimated to have been 3 m (10 ft) long with a mass of 70 kg (150 lb).^[8] A referred specimen (PVL 5904) is a partial skeleton including most of the dorsal vertebrae and parts of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs.^[9] Like Lufengosaurus, it have the angle between the pterygoid and quadratojugal rami nearly 90°. There is also a possibility that the postorbital bones of Coloradisaurus and Sarahsaurus are similar, but due to the deformation of the skull this is difficult to say.^[10]

All material of Coloradisaurus was discovered in 1971 at the La Esquina locality in the upper section of the Los Colorados Formation near Pagancillo, La Rioja Province, Argentina.^[4][7][9] The top of the Los Colorados Formation has been dated to 213 Ma,^[1] which would place Coloradisaurus in the Norian stage of the Late Triassic.

Phylogeny

Coloradisaurus was classified as a plateosaurid in the original description by Bonaparte,^[4] but this pre-dated the use of phylogenetic analyses in paleontology. He later became opposed to cladistics^[11] and continued to consider Coloradisaurus a plateosaurid without testing its phylogenetic position.^[12] The analyses of Galton (1990), Galton & Upchurch (2004), and Upchurch et al. (2007) found it to be a plateosaurid, supporting Bonaparte's placement.^[2][13][14] However, the analyses of Benton et al. (2000) and Yates (2003) recovered it in a polytomy with other basal sauropodomorphs or as a massospondylid, respectively.^[15][16] Subsequent analyses such as Yates et al. (2010), Apaldetti et al. (2013; 2014), Wang et al. (2017), and Müller (2020) have reached the consensus that Coloradisaurus is a massospondylid most closely related to Lufengosaurus and Glacialisaurus.^{[7][9][17][18][10][19]} These three taxa share four synapomorphies found in the metatarsals and femur.^[9]

Below is a simplified cladogram after Galton & Upchurch (2004), reflecting its early placement as a plateosaurid.^[13]

Sauropodomorpha	Sauropoda  Prosauropoda  Thecodontosaurus Saturnalia  Anchisauria  Anchisauridae Melanorosauridae  Plateosauria  Jingshanosaurus Yunnanosaurus Massospondylus  Plateosauridae  Mussaurus Coloradisaurus "Gyposaurus" sinensis Lufengosaurus Euskelosaurus Plateosaurus Sellosaurus

Below is a simplified cladogram after Müller (2020), showing its current position as a massospondylid.^[19]

Plateosauria	Plateosauridae Massopoda Unaysauridae Anchisauria Anchisaurus Adeopapposaurus Leyesaurus Massospondylidae Sarahsaurus Xingxiulong Pradhania "Massospondylus" kaalae Massospondylus Lufengosaurus Glacialisaurus Coloradisaurus Sauropodiformes

References

1. Kent, D.V.; Malnis, P.S.; Colombi, C.E.; Alcober, O.A.; Martínez, R.N. (2014). "Age constraints on the dispersal of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic from magnetochronology of the Los Colorados Formation (Argentina)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (22): 7958–7963. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.7958K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402369111. PMC 4050597. PMID 24843149.
2. Galton, P.M. (1990). "Basal Sauropodomorpha - Prosauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 320–344. ISBN 0-520-06726-6.
3. Greenfield, T.; Bivens, G.; Fonseca, A. (2020). "The correct authorship of Coloradisaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha): Galton, 1990, not Lambert, 1983". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 77 (1): 153–155. doi:10.21805/bzn.v77.a050. S2CID 229723564.
4. Bonaparte, J.F. (1978). "Coloradia brevis n. g. et n. sp. (Saurischia - Prosauropoda), dinosaurio Plateosauridae de la Formacion Los Colorados, Triasico Superior de La Rioja, Argentina" [Coloradia brevis n. g. et n. sp. (Saurischia - Prosauropoda), a plateosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Triassic Los Colorados Formation of La Rioja, Argentina]. Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 15 (3–4): 327–332. "English translation" (PDF). The Polyglot Paleontologist. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 9, 2021.
5. Blake, C.A. (1863). "Description of a supposed new genus and species of Saturniidae from the Rocky Mountains". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia. 2 (3): 279.
6. Lambert, D. (1983). A Field Guide to Dinosaurs. New York, NY: Avon Books. p. 102. ISBN 0-380-83519-3.
7. Apaldetti, C.; Martinez, R.N.; Pol, D.; Souter, T. (2014). "Redescription of the Skull of Coloradisaurus brevis (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic Los Colorados Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Union Basin, northwestern Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 34 (5): 1113–1132. Bibcode:2014JVPal..34.1113A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.859147. hdl:11336/36518. S2CID 86158311.
8. Paul, G.S. (2016). The Princeton Field Guide to Dinosaurs (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 189. ISBN 978-0-691-16766-4.
9. Apaldetti, C.; Pol, D.; Yates, A.M. (2013). "The postcranial anatomy of Coloradisaurus brevis (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of Argentina and its phylogenetic implications". Palaeontology. 56 (2): 277–301. Bibcode:2013Palgy..56..277A. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01198.x. hdl:11336/3499.
10. K. E. J. Chapelle, P. M. Barrett, J. Botha, J. N. Choiniere (2019). "Ngwevu intloko: a new early sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic Elliot Formation of South Africa and comments on cranial ontogeny in Massospondylus carinatus". PeerJ. 7 (e7240): e7240. doi:10.7717/peerj.7240. hdl:10141/622556. PMC 6687053. PMID 31403001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
11. Lessem, D. (1993). "Jose Bonaparte: Master of the Mesozoic" (PDF). Omni. 15 (7): 52–56. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-19.
12. Bonaparte, J.F.; Pumares, J.A. (1995). "Notas sobre el primer craneo de Riojasaurus incertus (Dinosauria, Prosauropoda, Melanosauridae) del Triasico Superior de La Rioja, Argentina" [Notes on the first skull of Riojasaurus incertus (Dinosauria, Prosauropoda, Melanorosauridae) from the Late Triassic of La Rioja, Argentina]. Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 32 (4): 341–349. "English translation" (PDF). The Polyglot Paleontologist. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 10, 2021.
13. Galton, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (2004). "Prosauropoda". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.). The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 232–258. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
14. Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M.; Galton, P.M. (2007). "A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs". Special Papers in Palaeontology. 77: 57–90.
15. Benton, M.J.; Juul, L.; Storrs, G.W.; Galton, P.M. (2000). "Anatomy and systematics of the prosauropod dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus from the upper Triassic of southwest England". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 20 (1): 77–108. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0077:AASOTP]2.0.CO;2.
16. Yates, A.M. (2003). "A new species of the primitive dinosaur Thecodontosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) and its implications for the systematics of early dinosaurs" (PDF). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 1 (1): 1–42. Bibcode:2003JSPal...1....1Y. doi:10.1017/S1477201903001007. S2CID 55906527. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2018.
17. Yates, A.M.; Bonnan, M.F.; Neveling, J.; Chinsamy, A.; Blackbeard, M.G. (2010). "A new transitional sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of South Africa and the evolution of sauropod feeding and quadrupedalism". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 277 (1682): 787–794. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1440. PMC 2842739. PMID 19906674.
18. Wang, Y-M.; You, H-L.; Wang, T. (2017). "A new basal sauropodiform dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Yunnan Province, China". Scientific Reports. 7: 41881. Bibcode:2017NatSR...741881W. doi:10.1038/srep41881. PMC 5312170. PMID 28205592.
19. Müller, R.T. (2020). "Craniomandibular osteology of Macrocollum itaquii (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 18 (10): 805–841. Bibcode:2020JSPal..18..805M. doi:10.1080/14772019.2019.1683902. S2CID 209575985.