ISO/IEC 646

For the iso646.h header, see C alternative tokens.

ISO/IEC 646 is a set of ISO/IEC standards, described as Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange, and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964.^[1][2] Since its first edition in 1967^[3] it has specified a 7-bit character code from which several national standards are derived.

ISO/IEC 646 encoding family

ISO/IEC 646 Invariant. Red looped squares (⌘) denote national code points. Other red characters are changed in noteworthy minor modifications.
Standard	ISO/IEC 646, ITU T.50
Classification	7-bit Basic Latin encoding
Preceded by	US-ASCII
Succeeded by	ISO/IEC 8859, ISO/IEC 10646
Other related encoding(s)	DEC NRCS, World System Teletext Adaptations to other alphabets: ELOT 927, Symbol, KOI-7, SRPSCII and MAKSCII, ASMO 449, SI 960
v t e

ISO/IEC 646 was also ratified by ECMA as ECMA-6. The first version of ECMA-6 had been published in 1965,^[4] based on work the ECMA's Technical Committee TC1 had carried out since December 1960.^[4]

Characters in the ISO/IEC 646 Basic Character Set are invariant characters.^[5] Since that portion of ISO/IEC 646, that is the invariant character set shared by all countries, specified only those letters used in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, countries using additional letters needed to create national variants of ISO/IEC 646 to be able to use their native scripts. Since transmission and storage of 8-bit codes was not standard at the time, the national characters had to be made to fit within the constraints of 7 bits, meaning that some characters that appear in ASCII do not appear in other national variants of ISO/IEC 646.

History

Early ASCII (ASA X3.4:1963)

ISO/IEC 646 and its predecessor ASCII (ASA X3.4) largely endorsed existing practice regarding character encodings in the telecommunications industry.

US-ASCII, or ISO/IEC 646:US

As ASCII did not provide a number of characters needed for languages other than English, a number of national variants were made that substituted some less-used characters with needed ones. Due to the incompatibility of the various national variants, an International Reference Version (IRV) of ISO/IEC 646 was introduced, in an attempt to at least restrict the replaced set to the same characters in all variants. The original version (ISO 646 IRV) differed from ASCII only in that code point 0x24, ASCII's dollar sign ($) was replaced by the international currency symbol (¤). The final 1991 version of the code ISO/IEC 646:1991 is also known as ITU T.50, International Reference Alphabet or IRA, formerly International Alphabet No. 5 (IA5). This standard allows users to exercise the 12 variable characters (i.e., two alternative graphic characters and 10 national defined characters). Among these exercises, ISO 646:1991 IRV (International Reference Version) is explicitly defined and identical to ASCII.^[6]

The ISO/IEC 8859 series of standards governing 8-bit character encodings supersede the ISO/IEC 646 international standard and its national variants, by providing 96 additional characters with the additional bit and thus avoiding any substitution of ASCII codes. The ISO/IEC 10646 standard, directly related to Unicode, supersedes all of the ISO646 and ISO/IEC 8859 sets with one unified set of character encodings using a larger 21-bit value.

ISO 646:JP

A legacy of ISO/IEC 646 is visible on Windows, where in many East Asian locales the backslash character used in filenames is rendered as ¥ or other characters such as ₩. Despite the fact that a different code for ¥ was available even on the original IBM PC's code page 437, and a separate double-byte code for ¥ is available in Shift JIS (although this often uses alternative mapping), so much text was created with the backslash code used for ¥ (due to Shift_JIS being officially based on ISO 646:JP, although Microsoft maps it as ASCII) that even modern Windows fonts have found it necessary to render the code that way. A similar situation exists with ₩ and EUC-KR. Another legacy is the existence of trigraphs in the C programming language.

Published standards

• ECMA-6 (1965-04-30), first edition (withdrawn)^[4]
• ISO/R646-1967 (withdrawn),^[3] or ECMA-6 (1967-06), second edition (withdrawn)^[3][4]
• ECMA-6 (1970-07), third edition (withdrawn)^[4][7]
• ISO 646:1972 (withdrawn), or ECMA-6 (1973-08), fourth edition (withdrawn)^[4][7]
• ISO 646:1983 (withdrawn),^[8] or ECMA-6 (1984-12, 1985-03), fifth edition (withdrawn)^[4]
• ITU-T Recommendation T.50 IA5 (1988-11-25) (withdrawn),^[9][10] or ISO/IEC 646:1991 (in force),^[11][12] or ECMA-6 (1991-12, 1997-08), sixth edition (in force)^[11]
• ITU-T Recommendation T.50 IRA (1992-09-18) (in force)^[9][13]

Code page layout

The following table shows the ISO/IEC 646 Invariant character set. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent. National code points are gray with the ASCII character that is replaced. Yellow indicates a character that, in some regions, could be combined with a previous character as a diacritic using the backspace character, which may affect glyph choice.

In addition to the invariant set restrictions, 0x23 is restricted to be either # or £ and 0x24 is restricted to be either $ or ¤ in ECMA-6:1991, equivalent to ISO/IEC 646:1991.^[11] However, these restrictions are not followed by all national variants.^[14][15]

ISO/IEC 646(-INV)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

0x

NUL

SOH

STX

ETX

EOT

ENQ

ACK

BEL

BS

HT

LF

VT

FF

CR

SO

SI

1x

DLE

DC1

DC2

DC3

DC4

NAK

SYN

ETB

CAN

EM

SUB

ESC

FS

GS

RS

US

2x

SP

!

"

#

$

%

&

'

(

)

*

+

,

-

.

/

3x

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

:

;

<

=

>

?

4x

@

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

5x

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

[

\

]

^

_

6x

`

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

7x

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

{

|

}

~

DEL

Variant codes and descriptions

ISO/IEC 646 national variants

Some national variants of ISO/IEC 646 are as follows:

Code	ISO-IR	ISO/IEC ESC	Approved	National Standard	Description
CA	121	ESC 2/8 7/7	ISO 646	CSA Z243.4-1985-1	Canada (No. 1 alternative, with "î") (French, classical) (Code page 1020[16])
CA2	122	ESC 2/8 7/8	ISO 646	CSA Z243.4-1985-2	Canada (No. 2 alternative, with "É") (French, reformed orthography)
CN	57[17]	ESC 2/8 5/4	?	GB/T 1988-80	People's Republic of China (Basic Latin)
CU	151	ESC 2/8 2/1 4/1	ISO 646	NC 99-10:81 / NC NC00-10:81	Cuba (Spanish)
DANO	9-1[18]	ESC 2/8 4/5[18]	SIS?	NATS-DANO	Norway and Denmark (journalistic texts). Invariant code point 0x22 is displayed as «, (compare " in the IRV). It is, however, still considered a double quotation mark.[19] Accompanies SEFI (NATS-SEFI).
DE	21[18][17]	ESC 2/8 4/11[18]	ISO 646	DIN 66003	Germany (German) (Code page 1011,[20] 20106[21][22][23])
DK	—		?	DS 2089[24][25]	Denmark (Danish) (Code page 1017[26])
ES	17[18]	ESC 2/8 5/10[18]	ECMA	Olivetti	Spanish (international) (Code page 1023[27])
ES2	85[17]	ESC 2/8 6/8	ECMA	IBM	Spain (Basque, Castilian, Catalan, Galician) (Code page 1014[28])
FI	10[17]		ISO 646	SFS 4017	Finland (basic version) (Code page 1018[29])
FR	69[17]	ESC 2/8 6/6	ISO 646	AFNOR NF Z 62010-1982	France (French) (Code page 1010[30])
FR1	25[18][17]	ESC 2/8 5/2[18]	ISO 646	AFNOR NF Z 62010-1973	France (obsolete since April 1985) (Code page 1104[31])
GB	4[18][17]	ESC 2/8 4/1[18]	ISO 646	BS 4730	United Kingdom (English) (Code page 1013[32])
HU	86	ESC 2/8 6/9	ISO 646	MSZ 7795/3	Hungary (Hungarian)
IE	207		?	NSAI 433:1996	Ireland (Irish)
INV	170	ESC 2/8 2/1 4/2	ISO 646	ISO 646:1983	Invariant subset
(IRV)	2[18][17]	ESC 2/8 4/0[18]	ISO 646	ISO 646:1973	International Reference Version. 0x7E as an overline (ISO-IR-002).[33]
	?	?	ISO 646	ISO 646:1983	International Reference Version. 0x7E as a tilde (Code page 1009,[34] 20105[21][22][35]).
	ISO 646:1991 International Reference Version matches the US variant (see below).
IS	?		?	?	Iceland (Icelandic)
IT	15[18][17]	ESC 2/8 5/9[18]	ECMA	UNI 0204-70 / Olivetti?	Italian (Code page 1012[36])
JP	14[18][17]	ESC 2/8 4/10[18]	ISO 646	JIS C 6220:1969-ro	Japan (Romaji) (Code page 895[37]). Also used as an 8-bit code with the corresponding Katakana supplementary set.
JP-OCR-B	92	ESC 2/8 6/14	ISO 646	JIS C 6229-1984-b	Japan (OCR-B)
KR	—		?	KS C 5636-1989	South Korea
MT	—		?	?	Malta (Maltese, English)
NL	—		ECMA	IBM	Netherlands (Dutch) (Code page 1019[38])
NO	60[17]	ESC 2/8 6/0	ISO 646	NS 4551 version 1[17]	Norway (Code page 1016[39])
NO2	61[17]	ESC 2/8 6/1	ISO 646	NS 4551 version 2[17]	Norway (obsolete since June 1987) (Code page 20108[21][22][40])
pl	—			BN-74/3101-01	Poland (Polish has 18 letters with diacritical marks, but only 9 lowercase letters are normalized due to code space reasons.)
PT	16[17]	ESC 2/8 4/12	ECMA	Olivetti	Portuguese (international)
PT2	84[17]	ESC 2/8 6/7	ECMA	IBM	Portugal (Portuguese, Spanish) (Code page 1015[41])
SE	10[18][17]	ESC 2/8 4/7[18]	ISO 646	SEN 850200 Annex B, SIS 63 61 27	Sweden (basic Swedish) (Code page 1018,[29] D47)
SE2	11[18][17]	ESC 2/8 4/8[18]	ISO 646	SEN 850200 Annex C, SIS 63 61 27	Sweden (extended Swedish for names) (Code page 20107,[21][22][42] E47)
SEFI	8-1[18]	ESC 2/8 4/3[18]	SIS	NATS-SEFI	Sweden and Finland (journalistic texts). Accompanies DANO (NATS-DANO).
T.61-7bit	102	ESC 2/8 7/5	?	ITU/CCITT T.61 Recommendation	International (Teletex). Also used with the corresponding supplementary set as an 8-bit code.
TW	—		?	CNS 5205-1996	Republic of China (Taiwan)
US / (IRV)	6[18][17]	ESC 2/8 4/2[18]	ISO 646	ANSI X3.4-1968 and ISO 646:1983 (also IRV in ISO/IEC 646:1991)	United States (ASCII, Code page 367,[43] 20127[21][22][44])
YU	141	ESC 2/8 7/10	ISO 646	JUS I.B1.002 (YUSCII)	former Yugoslavia (Croatian, Slovene, Serbian, Bosnian)
INIS	49	ESC 2/8 5/7	IAEA	INIS	ISO 646 IRV subset

National derivatives

Some national character sets also exist which are based on ISO/IEC 646 but do not strictly follow its invariant set (see also § Derivatives for other alphabets):

Character set	ISO-IR	ISO ESC	Approved	National Standard	Description
BS_viewdata	47	ESC 2/8 5/6		British Post Office	Viewdata and Teletext. Viewdata square (⌗) substituted for normally invariant underscore (_) which cannot be displayed on the target hardware.[45] This is actually the encoding of Microsoft's WST_Engl.
GR / greek7	88	ESC 2/8 6/10	?	HOS ELOT 927	Greece (withdrawn in November 1986). Uses Greek letters in place of Roman ones[46] and hence is not strictly speaking an ISO 646 variant.
greek7-old	18	ESC 2/8 5/11	ECMA	?	Greek graphic set. Similar in concept to greek7, but uses a different mapping of letters. Also, the upper case follows the lower case.
Latin-Greek	19	ESC 2/8 5/12	ECMA	?	Latin-Greek combined graphics (capitals only). Follows greek7-old, but includes Latin capitals without modification, and Greek capitals over the Latin lower case.
Latin-Greek-1	27[18]	ESC 2/8 5/5[18]	ECMA	Honeywell-Bull	Latin-Greek mixed graphics (Greek capitals only).[18] Visually unifies Greek capitals with Latin capitals where possible, and adds the remaining Greek capitals. Unlike the other Greek versions, all Basic Latin letters remain intact. Replaces invariant punctuation as well as national characters, however,[47] and hence is still not strictly speaking an ISO 646 variant.
swi	—		ECMA	Olivetti	Switzerland (French, German) (Code page 1021[48]) Invariant code point 0x5F is changed from _ to è. Is a DEC NRCS variant, closely related to ISO 646, but lacks a fully ISO 646 compliant equivalent.

Control characters

All the variants listed above are solely graphical character sets, and are to be used with a C0 control character set such as listed in the following table:

ISO-IR	ISO ESC	Approved	Description
1[18]	ESC 2/1 4/0[18]	ISO 646	ISO 646 controls[18] ("ASCII controls")
7[18]	ESC 2/1 4/1[18]	ISO 646	Scandinavian newspaper (NATS) controls[18]
26[18]	ESC 2/1 4/3[18]	ISO 646	IPTC controls[18]

Associated supplementary character sets

The following table lists supplementary graphical character sets defined by the same standard as specific ISO/IEC 646 variants. These would be selected by using a mechanism such as shift out or the NATS super shift (single shift),^[49] or by setting the eighth bit in environments where one was available:

ISO-IR	ISO/IEC ESC	National Standard	Description
8-2[18]	ESC 2/8 4/4[18]	NATS-SEFI-ADD	Supplementary code used with NATS-SEFI.
9-2[18]	ESC 2/8 4/6[18]	NATS-DANO-ADD	Supplementary code used with NATS-DANO.
13[18][17]	ESC 2/8 4/9[18]	JIS C 6220:1969-jp	Katakana, used as a supplementary code with ISO-646-JP.
103	ESC 2/8 7/6	ITU/CCITT T.61 Recommendation, Supplementary Set	Supplementary code used with T.61.

Variant comparison chart

The specifics of the changes for some of these variants are given in the following table. Character assignments unchanged across all listed variants (i.e. which remain the same as ASCII) are not shown.

For ease of comparison, variants detailed include national variants of ISO/IEC 646, DEC's closely related National Replacement Character Set (NRCS) series used on VT200 terminals, the related European World System Teletext encoding series defined in ETS 300 706, and a few other closely related encodings based on ISO/IEC 646. Individual code charts are linked from the second column. The cells with non-white background emphasize the differences from US-ASCII (also the Basic Latin subset of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode).

Several characters could be used as combining characters, when preceded or followed with a backspace C0 control. This is attested in the code charts for IRV, GB, FR1, CA, and CA2, which note that "',^ would behave as the diaeresis, acute accent, cedilla, and circumflex (rather than quotation marks, a comma, and an upward arrowhead) when preceded or followed by a backspace. The tilde character (~) was similarly introduced as a diacritic (˜). This encoding method originated in the typewriter/teletype era when use of backspace would overstamp a glyph, and may be considered deprecated.

Later, when wider character sets gained more acceptance, ISO/IEC 8859, vendor-specific character sets and eventually Unicode became the preferred methods of coding most of these variants.

Variant Code	Code Chart	Characters for each ISO 646 / NRCS compatible or derived charset
US / IRV (1991)	ISO-IR-006[50]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	~
Older International Reference Versions
IRV (1973)	ISO-IR-002[33]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
IRV (1983)	CP01009[51]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	~
Invariant and other IRV subsets
INV	ISO-IR-170[52]	!	"			&	:	?						_
INV (NRCS)[a]	---	!	"		$	&	:	?
INV (Teletext)[a]	ETS WST[53]	!	"			&	:	?
INIS Subset[a]	ISO-IR-049[54]				$		:			[		]					|
T.61	ISO-IR-102[55]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	[		]		_			|
East Asian
JP	ISO-IR-014[56]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	¥	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
JP-OCR-B	ISO-IR-092[57]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	¥	]	^	_		{	|	}
KR	(KS X 1003)[58]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	₩	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
CN	ISO-IR-057[15]	!	"	#	¥	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
TW	(CNS 5205)[58]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
British and Irish
GB	ISO-IR-004[59]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
GB (NRCS)	CP01101[60]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	~
Viewdata[b][c]	ISO-IR-047[45]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	@	←	½	→	↑	⌗	―	¼	‖	¾	÷
IE	ISO-IR-207[61]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	Ó	É	Í	Ú	Á	_	ó	é	í	ú	á
Italophone or Francophone
IT[d]	ISO-IR-015[62]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	§	°	ç	é	^	_	ù	à	ò	è	ì
IT (Teletext)[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	é	°	ç	→	↑	⌗	ù	à	ò	è	ì
FR (1983)	ISO-IR-069[64]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	à	°	ç	§	^	_	µ	é	ù	è	¨
FR (1973)[d]	ISO-IR-025[65]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	à	°	ç	§	^	_	`	é	ù	è	¨
FR Teletext[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	é	ï	&	:	?	à	ë	ê	ù	î	⌗	è	â	ô	û	ç
CA[d]	ISO-IR-121[66]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	à	â	ç	ê	î	_	ô	é	ù	è	û
CA2	ISO-IR-122[67]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	à	â	ç	ê	É	_	ô	é	ù	è	û
Francophone-Germanophone
swi (NRCS)[c]	CP01021[68]	!	"	ù	$	&	:	?	à	é	ç	ê	î	è	ô	ä	ö	ü	û
Germanophone
DE[d][e]	ISO-IR-021[69]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	§	Ä	Ö	Ü	^	_	`	ä	ö	ü	ß
Nordic (Eastern) and Baltic
FI / SE	ISO-IR-010[70]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	Ä	Ö	Å	^	_	`	ä	ö	å	‾
SE2[f]	ISO-IR-011[71]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	É	Ä	Ö	Å	Ü	_	é	ä	ö	å	ü
SE (NRCS)	CP01106[72]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	É	Ä	Ö	Å	Ü	_	é	ä	ö	å	ü
FI (NRCS)	CP01103[73]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	Ä	Ö	Å	Ü	_	é	ä	ö	å	ü
SEFI (NATS)[g]	ISO-IR-008-1[74]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?		Ä	Ö	Å	■	_		ä	ö	å	–
EE (Teletext)[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	#	õ	&	:	?	Š	Ä	Ö	Ž	Ü	Õ	š	ä	ö	ž	ü
LV / LT (Teletext)[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	Š	ė	ę	Ž	č	ū	š	ą	ų	ž	į
Nordic (Western)
DK	CP01017[75]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	Æ	Ø	Å	Ü	_	`	æ	ø	å	ü
DK/NO (NRCS)	CP01105[76]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	Ä	Æ	Ø	Å	Ü	_	ä	æ	ø	å	ü
DK/NO-alt (NRCS)	CP01107[77]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	Æ	Ø	Å	^	_	`	æ	ø	å	~
NO	ISO-IR-060[78]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	Æ	Ø	Å	^	_	`	æ	ø	å	‾
NO2	ISO-IR-061[14]	!	"	§	$	&	:	?	@	Æ	Ø	Å	^	_	`	æ	ø	å	|
DANO (NATS)[g][h]	ISO-IR-009-1[19]	!	«	»	$	&	:	?		Æ	Ø	Å	■	_		æ	ø	å	–
IS	[79]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	Ð	Þ	\	Æ	Ö	_	ð	þ	|	æ	ö
Hispanophone
ES[d]	ISO-IR-017[80]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	§	¡	Ñ	¿	^	_	`	°	ñ	ç	~
ES2	ISO-IR-085[81]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	·	¡	Ñ	Ç	¿	_	`	´	ñ	ç	¨
CU	ISO-IR-151[82]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	@	¡	Ñ	]	¿	_	`	´	ñ	[	¨
Hispanophone-Lusophone
ES/PT Teletext[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	ç	$	&	:	?	¡	á	é	í	ó	ú	¿	ü	ñ	è	à
Lusophone
PT	ISO-IR-016[83]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	§	Ã	Ç	Õ	^	_	`	ã	ç	õ	°
PT2	ISO-IR-084[84]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	´	Ã	Ç	Õ	^	_	`	ã	ç	õ	~
PT (NRCS)	---	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	Ã	Ç	Õ	^	_	`	ã	ç	õ	~
Greek
Latin-GR mixed[c]	ISO-IR-027[47]	Ξ	"	Γ	¤	&	Ψ	Π	Δ	Ω	Θ	Φ	Λ	Σ	`	{	|	}	‾
ISO-IR-088 (GR / ELOT 927), ISO-IR-018 and ISO-IR-019 replace Roman letters with Greek letters and are detailed in a separate chart.
Slavic (Latin script)
YU	ISO-IR-141[85]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	Ž	Š	Đ	Ć	Č	_	ž	š	đ	ć	č
YU Teletext[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	#	Ë	&	:	?	Č	Ć	Ž	Đ	Š	ë	č	ć	ž	đ	š
YU-alt Teletext[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	Č	Ć	Ž	Đ	Š	ë	č	ć	ž	đ	š
CS/CZ/SK (Teletext)[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	#	ů	&	:	?	č	ť	ž	ý	í	ř	é	á	ě	ú	š
PL	BN-74/3101-01[79]	!	"	#	zł	&	:	?	ę	ź	\	ń	ś	_	ą	ó	ł	ż	ć
PL Teletext[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	#	ń	&	:	?	ą	Ƶ	Ś	Ł	ć	ó	ę	ż	ś	ł	ź
Adaptations for the Cyrillic script replace Roman letters and are detailed in a separate chart
Other
NL	CP01019[86]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	[	\	]	^	_	`	{	|	}	‾
NL NRCS	CP01102[87]	!	"	£	$	&	:	?	¾	ij	½	|	^	_	`	¨	ƒ	¼	´
HU	ISO-IR-086[88]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	Á	É	Ö	Ü	^	_	á	é	ö	ü	˝
MT	CP03041[89]	!	"	#	$	&	:	?	@	ġ	ż	ħ	^	_	ċ	Ġ	Ż	Ħ	Ċ
RO (Teletext)[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	#	¤	&	:	?	Ţ	Â	Ş	Ă	Î	ı	ţ	â	ş	ă	î
TR (VT420)[c]	[90]	ı	"	#	$	ğ	:	?	İ	Ş	Ö	Ç	Ü	_	Ğ	ş	ö	ç	ü
TR (Teletext)[c]	ETS WST[63]	!	"	TL	ğ	&	:	?	İ	Ş	Ö	Ç	Ü	Ğ	ı	ş	ö	ç	ü

1. Is a subset of one of the International Reference Versions of ISO 646, but does not include all characters which are present in the invariant set. Included for comparison.
2. Also UK Teletext.
3. Does not completely conform to the invariant set, but is a closely related derivative of ISO 646. Included here for comparison.
4. ISO 646 variant identical to NRCS variant.
5. Also World System Teletext (DE)
6. Also World System Teletext (SE/FI/HU)
7. The NATS charsets (e.g. NATS-SEFI^[74]) replace @ (0x40) and ` (0x60) with "Unit space A" (UA) and "Unit space B" (UB). The plain space (0x20) expands on justification. UA and UB are for fixed widths, UA must be at least as wide as UB. RFC 1345 maps UA and UB to ISO 10646 (UCS) code points U+E002 and U+E003, both in the Private Use Area, respectively (although it also lists PUA mappings for several other characters which now have UCS code points). Unicode contains a number of space characters which might approximately correspond.
8. Conformance to the ISO 646 invariant set is questionable, but it is a closely related derivative of ISO 646. Included here for comparison.

Related encoding families

National Replacement Character Set

Main article: National Replacement Character Set

The National Replacement Character Set (NRCS) is a family of 7-bit encodings introduced in 1983 by DEC with the VT200 series of computer terminals. It is closely related to ISO/IEC 646, being based on a similar invariant subset of ASCII, differing in retaining $ as invariant but not _ (although most NRCS variants retain the _, and hence comply with the ISO/IEC 646 invariant set). Most NRCS variants are closely related to corresponding national ISO/IEC 646 variants where they exist, with the exception of the Dutch variant.

World System Teletext

Further information: World System Teletext and Teletext character set

The European telecommunications standard ETS 300 706, "Enhanced Teletext specification", defines Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic, and Hebrew code sets with several national variants for both Latin and Cyrillic.^[63] Like NRCS and ISO/IEC 646, within the Latin variants, the family of encodings known as the G0 set are based on a similar invariant subset of ASCII, but do not retain either $ nor _ as invariant. Unlike NRCS, variants often differ considerably from corresponding national ISO/IEC 646 variants.

HP

HP has code page 1054, which adds the medium shade (▒, U+2592) at 0x7F.^[91] Code page 1052 replaces a few ASCII characters from code page 1054.^[92]

Code page 1052

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

2x

SP

!

″

#

$

%

&

′

(

)

*

+

,

-

.

/

3x

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

:

;

‗

=

¢

?

4x

@

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

5x

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

[

®

]

©

_

6x

°

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

o

7x

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

§

¶

†

™

▒

  Differences from ASCII

Derivatives for other alphabets

See also: Clip font

Some 7-bit character sets for non-Latin alphabets are derived from the ISO/IEC 646 standard: these do not themselves constitute ISO/IEC 646 due to not following its invariant code points (often replacing the letters of at least one case), due to supporting differing alphabets which the set of national code points provide insufficient encoding space for. Examples include:

• 7-bit Turkmen (ISO-IR-230).^[93]
• 7-bit Greek.
  • In ELOT 927 (ISO-IR-088),^[46] the Greek alphabet is mapped in alphabetical order (except for the final-sigma) to positions 0x61–0x71 and 0x73–0x79, on top of the Latin lowercase letters.
  • ISO-IR-018^[94] maps the Greek alphabet over both letter cases using a different scheme (not in alphabetical order, but trying where possible to match Greek letters over Roman letters which correspond in some sense), and ISO-IR-019^[95] maps the Greek uppercase alphabet over the Latin lowercase letters using the same scheme as ISO-IR-018.
  • The lower half of the Symbol font character encoding^[96] uses its own scheme for mapping Greek letters of both cases over the ASCII Roman letters, also trying to map Greek letters over Roman letters which correspond in some sense, but making different decisions in this regard (see chart below). It also replaces invariant code points 0x22 and 0x27 and five national code points with mathematical symbols. Although not intended for use in typesetting Greek prose, it is sometimes used for that purpose.
  • ISO-IR-027^[47] (detailed in the chart above rather than below) includes the Latin alphabet unchanged, but adds some Greek capital letters which cannot be represented with Latin-script homoglyphs; while it is explicitly based on ISO/IEC 646, some of these are mapped to code points which are invariant in ISO/IEC 646 (0x21, 0x3A, and 0x3F), and it is therefore not a true ISO/IEC 646 variant.
  • The World System Teletext encoding for Greek uses yet another scheme of mapping Greek letters in alphabetical order over the ASCII letters of both cases, notably including several letters with diacritics.^[97]
• 7-bit Cyrillic
  • KOI-7 or Short KOI, used for Russian. The Cyrillic characters are mapped to positions 0x60–0x7E, on top of the Latin lowercase letters, matching homologous letters where possible (where в is mapped to w, not v). Superseded by the KOI-8 variants.
  • SRPSCII and MAKSCII, Cyrillic variants of YUSCII (the Latin variant is YU/ISO-IR-141 in the chart above), used for Serbian and Macedonian respectively. Largely homologous to the Latin variant of YUSCII (following Serbian digraphia rules), except for Љ (lj), Њ (nj), Џ (dž), and ѕ (dz), which correspond to digraphs in Latin-script orthography, and are mapped over letters which are not used in Serbian or Macedonian (q, w, x, y).
  • The G0 sets for the World System Teletext encodings for Russian/Bulgarian^[98] and Ukrainian^[99] use G0 sets similar to KOI-7 with some modifications. The corresponding G0 set for Serbian Cyrillic^[a][100] uses a scheme based on the Teletext encoding for Latin-script Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, as opposed to the significantly different YUSCII.
• 7-bit Hebrew, SI 960. The Hebrew alphabet is mapped to positions 0x60–0x7A, on top of the lowercase Latin letters (and grave accent for aleph). 7-bit Hebrew was always stored in visual order. This mapping with the high bit set, i.e. with the Hebrew letters in 0xE0–0xFA, is ISO/IEC 8859-8. The World System Teletext encoding for Hebrew uses the same letter mappings, but uses BS_Viewdata as its base encoding (whereas SI 960 uses US-ASCII) and includes a shekel sign at 0x7B.
• 7-bit Arabic, ASMO 449 (ISO-IR-089).^[101] The Arabic alphabet is mapped to positions 0x41–0x5A and 0x60–0x6A, on top of both uppercase and lowercase Latin letters.

A comparison of some of these encodings is below. Only one case is shown, except in instances where the cases are mapped to different letters. In such instances, the mapping with the smallest code is shown first. Possible transcriptions are given for some letters; where this is omitted, the letter can be considered to correspond to the Roman one which it is mapped over.

English (ASCII)	Cyrillic alphabets						Greek alphabet				Hebrew
	Semi-transliterative								Naturally ordered
	Russian (KOI-7)	Russian, Bulgarian (WST RU/BG)	Ukrainian (WST UKR)	Serbian (SRPSCII)	Macedonian (MAKSCII)	Serbian, Macedonian[a] (WST SRP)	Greek (Symbol)	Greek (IR-18[94])	Greek (ELOT 927)	Greek (WST EL)	Hebrew (SI 960)
@ `	Ю (ju/yu)	Ю (ju/yu)	Ю (ju/yu)	Ж (ž)	Ж (ž)	Ч (č)	≅ ‾	´ `	@ `	ΐ ΰ	א (ʾ/ʔ)
A	А	А (a/á)	А	А	А	А	Α	Α	Α	Α	ב (b)
B	Б	Б	Б	Б	Б	Б	Β	Β	Β	Β	ג (g)
C	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Ц (c/ts)	Χ (ch/kh)	Ψ (ps)	Γ (g)	Γ (g)	ד (d)
D	Д	Д	Д	Д	Д	Д	Δ	Δ	Δ	Δ	ה (h)
E	Е (je/ye)	Е (je/ye)	Е (e)	Е (e)	Е (e)	Е (e)	Ε	Ε	Ε	Ε	ו‬ (w)
F	Ф	Ф	Ф	Ф	Ф	Ф	Φ (ph/f)	Φ (ph/f)	Ζ (z)	Ζ (z)	ז (z)
G	Г	Г	Г	Г	Г	Γ	Γ	Γ	Η (ē)	Η (ē)	ח (ch/kh)
H	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Х (h/kh/ch)	Η (ē)	Η (ē)	Θ (th)	Θ (th)	ט (tt)
I	И	И	И (y)	И	И	И	Ι	Ι	Ι	Ι	י (j/y)
J	Й (j/y)	Й (j/y)	Й (j/y)	Ј (j/y)	Ј (j/y)	Ј (j/y)	ϑ (th) ϕ (ph/f)	Ξ (x/ks)		Κ (k)	ך (k final)
K	К	К	К	К	К	К	Κ	Κ	Κ	Λ (l)	כ
L	Л	Л	Л	Л	Л	Л	Λ	Λ	Λ	Μ (m)	ל
M	М	М	М	М	М	М	Μ	Μ	Μ	Ν (n)	ם (m final)
N	Н	Н	Н	Н	Н	Н	Ν	Ν	Ν	Ξ (x/ks)	מ (m)
O	О	О	О	О	О	О	Ο	Ο	Ξ (x/ks)	Ο	ן (n final)
P	П	П	П	П	П	П	Π	Π	Ο (o)	Π	נ (n)
Q	Я (ja/ya)	Я (ja/ya)	Я (ja/ya)	Љ (lj/ly)	Љ (lj/ly)	Ќ (Ḱ/kj)	Θ (th)	ͺ (i)	Π (p)	Ρ (r)	ס (s)
R	Р	Р	Р	Р	Р	Р	Ρ	Ρ	Ρ	ʹ ς (s final)	ע (ʽ/ŋ)
S	С	С	С	С	С	С	Σ	Σ	Σ	Σ	ף (p final)
T	Т	Т	Т	Т	Т	Т	Τ	Τ	Τ	Τ	פ (p)
U	У	У	У	У	У	У	Υ	Θ (th)	Υ	Υ	ץ (ṣ/ts final)
V	Ж (ž)	Ж (ž)	Ж (ž)	В	В	В	ς (s final) ϖ (p)	Ω (ō)	Φ (f/ph)	Φ (f/ph)	צ (ṣ/ts)
W	В (v)	В (v)	В (v)	Њ (nj/ny/ñ)	Њ (nj/ny/ñ)	Ѓ (ǵ/gj)	Ω (ō)	ς (s final)	ς (s final)	Χ (ch/kh)	ק (q)
X	Ь (’)	Ь (’)	Ь (’)	Џ (dž)	Џ (dž)	Љ (lj/ly)	Ξ	Χ (ch/kh)	Χ (ch/kh)	Ψ (ps)	ר (r)
Y	Ы (y/ı)	Ъ (″/ǎ/ŭ)	І (i)	Ѕ (dz)	Ѕ (dz)	Њ (nj/ny/ñ)	Ψ (ps)	Υ (u)	Ψ (ps)	Ω (ō)	ש (š/sh)
Z	З	З	З	З	З	З	Ζ	Ζ	Ω (ō)	Ϊ	ת (t)
[ {	Ш (š/sh)	Ш (š/sh)	Ш (š/sh)	Ш (š/sh)	Ш (š/sh)	Ћ (ć)	[ {	῏ ῟	[ {	Ϋ	[ {
\ |	Э (e)	Э (e)	Є (je/ye)	Ђ (đ/dj)	Ѓ (ǵ/gj)	Ж (ž)	∴ |	᾿ ῾ (h)	\ |	ά ό	\ |
] }	Щ (šč)	Щ (šč)	Щ (šč)	Ћ (ć)	Ќ (Ḱ/kj)	Ђ (đ/dj)	] }	῎ ῞	] }	έ ύ	] }
^ ~	Ч (č)	Ч (č)	Ч (č)	Ч (č)	Ч (č)	Ш (š/sh)	⊥ ~	˜ ¨	^ ‾	ή ώ	^ ‾
_	Ъ (″)	Ы (y/ı)	Ї (ji/yi)	_	_	Џ (dž)	_	_	_	ί	_

See also

• ISO/IEC 2022 Information technology: Character code structure and extension techniques
• ISO/IEC 6937 (ANSI)
• ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2

Footnotes

1. Labelled "Cyrillic G0 Primary Set - Option 1 - Serbian/Croatian", but includes Macedonian letters Ќ and Ѓ (but not Ѕ). A subset of Roman letters, mostly those without homoglyphs in the G0 set, are included in the G1 set (15.6.7 Table 41), including S/s at 0x6B/7B. Croatian is written in Latin script.

References

1. Mullendore, Ralph Elvin (1964) [1963]. Ptak, John F. (ed.). "On the Early Development of ASCII - The History of ASCII". JF Ptak Science Books (published March 2012). Archived from the original on 2016-05-26. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
2. 6 and 7 Bit Coded Character Sets for Information Processing Interchange (draft), International Organization for Standardization, July 1964 (NB. 21 pages. With cover letter for the members of the X3.2 and Task Groups from Eric Clamons.)
3. Mackenzie, Charles E. (1980). Coded Character Sets, History and Development (PDF). The Systems Programming Series (1 ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 7, 9, 412. ISBN 978-0-201-14460-4. LCCN 77-90165. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 26, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
4. Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Coded Character Set (PDF) (5th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). March 1985. Retrieved 2024-05-28. The Technical Committee TC1 of ECMA met for the first time in December 1960 to prepare standard codes for Input/Output purposes. On [30] April 1965, Standard ECMA-6 was adopted by the General Assembly of ECMA.
5. Bodfish, John; Wilson, Mark; Gregory, Stephen; Nye, Julie Blume. Bodfish, John (ed.). "Invariant Character Handling". NISO Circulation Interchange Protocol. Colorado Department of Education, USA: NCIP Standing Committee (NCIP-SC). Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
6. Demchenko, Yuri (2000) [1997]. "International Standardization of 7-Bit Codes, ISO 646". TERENA. 4. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
7. Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit Input/Output Coded Character Set (PDF) (4th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). August 1973. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
8. "Information processing -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange". 1983-07-01. ISO 646:1983. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
9. Salste, Tuomas (January 2016). "7-bit character sets: Revisions of ASCII". Aivosto Oy. urn:nbn:fi-fe201201011004. Archived from the original on 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
10. International Alphabet No. 5 - Recommendation T.50, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) - Series T: Terminal Equipment and Protocols for Telematic Services, 1993-04-16 [1988-11-25], E 33116, archived from the original on 2017-03-19, retrieved 2017-03-18
11. Standard ECMA-6: 7-Bit coded Character Set (PDF) (6th ed.). Geneva, Switzerland: European Computer Manufacturers Association (Ecma). August 1997 [December 1991]. Retrieved 2024-05-28.
12. "Information technology -- ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange" (3rd ed.). 1991-12-16. ISO/IEC 646:1991. Archived from the original on 2016-05-30. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
13. International Reference Alphabet (IRA) - Information Technology - 7-bit Coded Character Set For Information Interchange - Recommendation T.50, International Telecommunication Union (ITU) - The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) - Terminal Equipment and Protocols for Telematic Services, 1993-04-16 [1992-09-18], E 3177, archived from the original on 2014-12-19, retrieved 2017-03-18
14. Norge Standardiseringforbund (1982-06-01). Norwegian Standard NS 4551 Version 2 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-61.
15. China Association for Standardization (1982-06-01). 7-bit Coded Character Set for Information Interchange (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-57.
16. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01020 / Name: Canadian (French) Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
17. "HP PCL/PJL Reference PCL 5 Comparison Guide" (PDF) (2 ed.). Hewlett-Packard Company, LP. June 2003. HP part-number 502-0378. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-10. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
18. Bemer, Robert William (1980). "Chapter 1: Inside ASCII". General Purpose Software (PDF). Best of Interface Age. Vol. 2. Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press. pp. 1–50. ISBN 0-918398-37-1. LCCN 79-67462. Archived from the original on 2016-08-27. Retrieved 2016-08-27, from: Bemer, Robert William (May 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part I". Interface Age. 3 (5). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 96–102., Bemer, Robert William (June 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part II". Interface Age. 3 (6). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 64–74., Bemer, Robert William (July 1978). "Inside ASCII - Part III". Interface Age. 3 (7). Portland, OR, USA: dilithium Press: 80–87.
19. Sveriges standardiseringskommission (1975). The NATS main graphic set of characters for newspaper text transmission in Denmark and Norway (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-9-1.
20. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01011 / Name: 7-Bit Germany F.R." IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
21. "Code Page Identifiers". Microsoft Developer Network. Microsoft. 2014. Archived from the original on 2016-06-19. Retrieved 2016-06-19.
22. "Web Encodings - Internet Explorer - Encodings". WHATWG Wiki. 2012-10-23. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
23. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "German (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
24. Danish Standard DS 2089: Application of ISO 7-bit coded character set. February 1974. UDC 681.3:003.62.
25. Stroustrup, Bjarne (1994-03-29). Design and Evolution of C++ (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 0-201-54330-3.
26. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01017 / Name: 7-Bit Denmark". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
27. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01023 / Name: Spain Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
28. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01014 / Name: 7-Bit Spain". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
29. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01018 / Name: 7-Bit Finland/Sweden". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
30. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01010 / Name: 7-Bit France". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
31. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01104 / Name: French NRC Set". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-21. Retrieved 2016-06-21.
32. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01013 / Name: 7-Bit United Kingdom". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
33. ISO/TC 97/SC 2 (1975). The graphic set of characters of the international reference version of ISO 646 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-2.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
34. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01009 / Name: ISO IRV". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1990-04-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
35. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Western European (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
36. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01012 / Name: 7-Bit Italy". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
37. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 00895 / Name: Japan 7-Bit Latin". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1986-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2016-06-18.
38. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01019 / Name: 7-Bit Netherlands". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
39. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01016 / Name: 7-Bit Norway". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
40. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Norwegian (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
41. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01015 / Name: 7-Bit Portugal". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1987-08-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
42. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "Swedish (IA5) encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
43. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 00367 / Name: ASCII". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1978-01-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
44. Foller, Antonin (2014) [2011]. "US-ASCII encoding - Windows charsets". WUtils.com - Online web utility and help. Motobit Software. Archived from the original on 2016-06-20. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
45. BSI (1981-06-01). Alphanumerics for viewdata and broadcast teletext (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-47.
46. ELOT (1984-07-01). Greek Character Set for the Greek language (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-88.
47. ECMA (1976). Latin-Greek mixed graphic set (Greek capital letters only) (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-27.
48. "SBCS code page information - CPGID: 01021 / Name: Switzerland Variant". IBM Software: Globalization: Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID: Code page identifiers. 1. IBM. 1992-10-01. Archived from the original on 2016-06-17. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
49. Sveriges standardiseringskommission (1975). NATS Control set for newspaper text transmission (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-7.
50. ANSI (1975). ASCII Graphic character set (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-6.
51. IBM (1990). "Code Page 01009" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
52. Dansk Standardiseringsråd (1993-01-21). ISO/IEC 646 Basic Character Set (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-170.
53. "15.6.1 Latin G0 Set", ETS 300 706: Enhanced Teletext specification (PDF), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), p. 114
54. International Atomic Energy Agency (1981-07-15). ISO 646 Sub-set for INIS (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-49.
55. International Telecommunication Union (1985-08-01). Teletex Primary Set of Graphic Characters (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-102.
56. Japanese Industrial Standards Committee (1975). The Japanese Roman graphic set of characters (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-14.
57. ISO/TC 97/SC 2 (1985-08-01). Japanese OCR-B Basic Graphic Character Set (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-92.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
58. Lunde, Ken (2008). "3. Character Set Standards (§ CJKV-Roman)". CJKV Information Processing (2nd ed.). O'Reilly Media. pp. 91–92. ISBN 9780596514471.
59. BSI (1975-12-01). The set of graphic characters of the United Kingdom 7-bit data code (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-4.
60. IBM (1992). "Code Page 01101" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
61. NSAI (1999-12-07). Variant of the ISO 7-bit coded character set for the Irish Gaelic language (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-207.
62. ECMA (1976). Variant of the ISO 7-bit coded character set (graphics only) for the Italian language (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-15.
63. "15.6.2 Latin National Option Sub-Sets, Table 36", ETS 300 706: Enhanced Teletext specification (PDF), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), p. 115
64. AFNOR (1983-06-01). Jeu de caractères graphiques français pour la langue français (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-69.
65. AFNOR (1975). French set of graphic characters for the French language (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-25.
66. Standards Council of Canada (1986-02-01). Alternate Primary Graphic Set Nr. 1 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-121.
67. Standards Council of Canada (1986-02-01). Alternate Primary Graphic Set Nr. 2 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-122.
68. IBM (1992). "Code Page 01021" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
69. DIN (1975). German reference version of the ISO 7-bit coded character set (graphics only) for the German language as defined in the German standard DIN 66 003–June 1974 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-21.
70. Sveriges Standardiseringskommission (1975). The Swedish basic graphic set of characters (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-10.
71. Sveriges Standardiseringskommission (1975). The Swedish graphic set of characters for official writing of names (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-11.
72. IBM (1992). "Code Page 01106" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
73. IBM (1992). "Code Page 01103" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
74. Sveriges Standardiseringskommission (1975). The NATS main graphic set of characters for newspaper text transmission in Finland and Sweden (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-8-1.
75. IBM (1987). "Code Page 01017" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
76. IBM (1992). "Code Page 01105" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
77. IBM (1992). "Code Page 01107" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
78. Norge Standardiseringforbund (1982-06-01). Norwegian Standard NS 4551 – Version 1 (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-60.
79. Dagienė, Valentina; Grigas, Gintautas; Jevsikova, Tatjana (2010). "3.2.2. ISO 646 koduotė". Programinės įrangos lokalizavimas (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Matematikos ir informatikos institutas. p. 67. ISBN 978-9986-680-47-5. (note: chart given sometimes mixes up letter cases, e.g. ġ and Ġ both appearing as Ġ in the Maltese row, or Ä and ä both appearing as Ä in the Swedish rows)
80. ECMA (1976). Variant of the ISO 7-bit coded character set (graphics only) for the Spanish language (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-17.
81. ECMA (1984-07-01). Graphic Character set for the Spanish Languages (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-85.
82. Úrad pro normalizaci a měřeni (1989-07-01). Graphic character set of the Republic Cuba (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-151.
83. ECMA (1976-12-30). Graphic Character Set for the Portuguese language (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-16.
84. ECMA (1984-07-01). Graphic Character Set for the Portuguese Language (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-84.
85. Federal Institution for Standardization (1987-11-01). Serbocroatian and Slovenian Latin Alphabet (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-141.
86. IBM (1987). "Code Page 01019" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
87. IBM (1992). "Code Page 01102" (PDF). REGISTRY: Graphic Character Sets and Code Pages.
88. Hungarian Office for Standardization (1984-07-01). Hungarian Reference Version of ISO 646 (HRV) (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-86.
89. "Appendix D: Character Sets (§ Code Page #3041 Maltese)" (PDF). User's Manual: LC-8021 Dot Matrix Printer. Star Micronics. 1997. p. 62. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2004-09-08. Retrieved 2024-04-09.
90. Microsoft Corporation. "charsets.hpp: Defines translation tables for the various VT character sets used in the TerminalOutput class". Windows Terminal.
91. "Code Page 1054" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-21.
92. "Code Page 1052" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-21.
93. Turkmenstandartlary (2000-09-14). Turkmen Alphabet (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-230.
94. ECMA (1976). Greek graphic set (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-18.
95. ECMA (1976). Latin-Greek combined graphic set (capital letters only) (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-19.
96. "Map (external version) from Mac OS Symbol character set to Unicode 4.0 and later".
97. "15.6.8: Greek G0 Set", ETS 300 706: Enhanced Teletext specification (PDF), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), p. 121
98. "15.6.5: Cyrillic G0 Set - Option 2 - Russian/Bulgarian", ETS 300 706: Enhanced Teletext specification (PDF), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), p. 118
99. "15.6.6: Cyrillic G0 Set - Option 3 - Ukrainian", ETS 300 706: Enhanced Teletext specification (PDF), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), p. 119
100. "15.6.4: Cyrillic G0 Set - Option 1 - Serbian/Croatian", ETS 300 706: Enhanced Teletext specification (PDF), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), p. 117
101. ASMO (1985-01-01). 7-bit Coded Arabic Character Set for Information Interchange (PDF). ITSCJ/IPSJ. ISO-IR-89.

Further reading

• Fischer, Eric, ed. (1975) [1972]. Source documents on the history of character codes, 1972–1975 (Compilation). Archived from the original on 2020-06-07. Retrieved 2020-06-07{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) (79 pages) including: Bemer, Robert William (1972). "a view of the history of the ISO character set". Honeywell Computer Journal. 6 (4). Phoenix, Arizona, USA: Honeywell Information Systems: 274–286, 287–291. (13+5 pages) and many other documents and correspondence.

External links

• ISO/IEC 646:1991 Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange
• Zeichensatz nach ISO 646 (ASCII) (in German)
• History at GNU Aspell website
• ISO646 Character Tables Character Tables by Koichi Yasuoka (安岡孝) (see Domestic ISO646 Character Tables and Quasi-ISO646 Character Tables)
• Turkish Text Deasciifier a tool (based on statistical pentagram analysis of the Turkish language) which reverts an ASCII'fied Turkish text by determining the appropriate (but ambiguous) diacritics normally needed in Turkish but missing in the US-ASCII set.