Cod liver oil
Dietary supplement derived from liver of cod fish From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cod liver oil is a dietary supplement derived from liver of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).[1] As with most fish oils, it contains the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and also vitamin A and vitamin D.
Historically, it was given to children in the United States in the 19th century as a patent medicine and by the end of the century was being praised by doctors in medical journals.[2][3] After it was shown, in 1920, that vitamin D deficiency was the cause of rickets, cod liver oil was given as a rich source of vitamin D.[4][5][6]
Manufacture
Summarize
Perspective
Cod liver oil has traditionally come in many grades. Cod liver oil for human consumption is pale and straw-colored, with a mild flavor. Scandinavian Vikings produced cod liver oil by laying birch tree branches over a kettle of water, and fresh livers were laid over the branches. The water was brought to a boil and as the steam rose, the oil from the liver dripped into the water and was skimmed off. There was also a method for producing fresh raw cod liver oil.[7]
In the Industrial Revolution, cod liver oil became popular for industrial purposes. Livers placed in barrels to rot, with the oil skimmed off over the season, was the main method for producing this oil. The resulting oil was brown and foul-tasting. In the 1800s cod liver oil became popular as a medicine and both pale and brown oils were used. Brown oils were common because they were cheaper to produce. Some doctors believed in only using the fresh pale oil, while others believed the brown oil was better. The rancid brown oils tended to cause intestinal upset.[7]
The Möller Process was invented by Peter Möller in 1850. The livers are ground with water into a slurry, then this is gently simmered until the oil rises to the top. The oil is skimmed off and purified.[8] Other methods used in modern times include the Cold Flotation Process, pressure extraction, and pressure cooking. These all require further purification steps to get a pure oil.[9]
Therapeutic uses
Though similar in fatty acid composition to other fish oils, cod liver oil has higher concentrations of vitamins A and D. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, a tablespoon (13.6 grams or 14.8 mL) of cod liver oil contains 4,080 μg of vitamin A and 34 μg (1360 IU) of vitamin D.[10] The Dietary Reference Intake of vitamin A is 900 μg per day for adult men and 700 μg per day for women. The tolerable upper intake level (UL) is 3000 μg/day. For children ages 1-3 years the vitamin A RDA and UL are 300 and 600 μg/day, respectively, for children ages 4-8 years 400 and 900 μg/day. People consuming cod liver oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids should pay attention to how much vitamin A and vitamin D this adds to their diet.[11][12]
Cod liver oil is approximately 20% omega-3 fatty acids. For this reason, cod liver oil may be beneficial in secondary prophylaxis after a heart attack.[13] Diets supplemented with cod liver oil have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on psoriasis,[14] and daily supplementation has been shown to be correlated with lower rates of high-severity depression.[15]
Potential adverse effects
For vitamin A, a tablespoon (13.6 g) of cod liver oil contains 136% of the adult UL, 680% of the UL for children ages 1-3 years, and 453% of the UL for children ages 4-8 years. Even a teaspoon a day (1/3 of a tablespoon) exceeds the UL for children ages 1-8 years.[10] Vitamin A accumulates in the liver, and can reach harmful levels sufficient to cause hypervitaminosis A.[11]
Reducing fatty acid oxidation and environmental toxin exposure requires purification processes as part of manufacturing of refined fish oil products.[16]
Other uses
In Newfoundland, cod liver oil was sometimes used as the liquid base for traditional red ochre paint, the coating of choice for use on outbuildings and work buildings associated with the cod fishery.
In Tübingen, Germany, drinking a glass of cod liver oil is the punishment for the participants in the last-place boat at the traditional Stocherkahnrennen, an annual punting boat race.[citation needed]
See also
References
External links
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