Clupea

This article is about the species of fish. For other uses, see Clupea (disambiguation).

Clupea is genus of planktivorous bony fish belonging to the family Clupeidae, commonly known as herrings. They are found in the shallow, temperate waters of the North Pacific and the North Atlantic oceans, including the Baltic Sea. Two main species of Clupea are currently recognized: the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and the Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), which have each been divided into subspecies. Herrings are forage fish moving in vast schools, coming in spring to the shores of Europe and America, where they form important commercial fisheries.

Clupea Temporal range: 16–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N Middle Miocene to Present[1]
Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Clupeiformes
Family:	Clupeidae
Genus:	Clupea Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758
Species
see text
Synonyms
Harengus Garsault, 1764 Rogenia Valenciennes, 1847

Morphology

The species of Clupea belong to the larger family Clupeidae (herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens), which comprises some 200 species that share similar features. They are silvery-colored fish that have a single dorsal fin, which is soft, without spines. They have no lateral line and have a protruding lower jaw. Their size varies between subspecies: the Baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras) is small, 14 to 18 centimeters; the proper Atlantic herring (C. h. harengus) can grow to about 45.72 cm (18.00 in) and weigh up 680 g (1.50 lb); and Pacific herring grow to about 38 cm (15 in).

Species

Clupea species
Common name	Scientific name	Maximum length	Common length	Maximum weight	Maximum age	Trophic level	Fish Base	FAO	ITIS	IUCN status
Atlantic herring	Clupea harengus Linnaeus, 1758	45.0 cm	30.0 cm	1.1 kg	22 years	3.23	[2]	[3]	[4]	Least concern[5]
- Atlantic herring	- C. h. harengus Linnaeus, 1758								[6]
- Baltic herring	- C. h. membras Valenciennes, 1847								[7]
Pacific herring	Clupea pallasii Valenciennes, 1847	46.0 cm	25.0 cm		19 years	3.15	[8]	[9]	[10]	Not assessed
- Pacific herring	- C. p. pallasii Valenciennes, 1847	46.0 cm	25.0 cm				[8]		-
- White Sea herring	- C. p. marisalbi L. S. Berg, 1923	34.0 cm					[11]		-[12]
- Chosa herring	- C. p. suworowi Rabinerson, 1927	31.5 cm					[13]		-

Fossil species

• †Clupea aenemtensis Sytchevskaya, 1985 (Miocene of Kamchatka, Russia)^[1]
• †Clupea hanishinaensis Yabumoto & Nazarkin, 2020 (=C. macrocephala Yabumoto & Nazarkin, 2018) (Middle Miocene of Japan)^[1][14]
•  ?†Clupea tiejei David, 1943 (Late Miocene of California)^[15]

Many other fossil species have been previously placed into this genus, due to it being a former wastebasket taxon for herring-like fossil fish.^[1][16] As the only known reliable fossils of this genus are from the Miocene of the Pacific Ocean, it has been suggested that Clupea originated in the Pacific Ocean in the Miocene, with the Pacific herring descending from this ancestral source population. Some Clupea then dispersed to the Atlantic Ocean via the Arctic Ocean when the Bering Strait opened for the first time about 5 million years ago, during the Early Pliocene, with these becoming the ancestors of the Atlantic herring.^[1]

Ecology

See Atlantic herring for videos of juvenile herring feeding by catching copepods.

Video loop of a school of Atlantic herring migrating to their spawning grounds in the Baltic Sea

Predators of herring include humans, seabirds, dolphins, porpoises, striped bass, seals, sea lions, whales, sharks, dog fish, tuna, cod, salmon, and halibut. Other large fish also feed on adult herring.^{[citation needed]}

Young herring feed on phytoplankton and as they mature they start to consume larger organisms. Adult herring feed on zooplankton, tiny animals that are found in oceanic surface waters, and small fish and fish larvae. Copepods and other tiny crustaceans are the most common zooplankton eaten by herring. During daylight herring stay in the safety of deep water, feeding at the surface only at night when there is less chance of being seen by predators. They swim along with their mouths open, filtering the plankton from the water as it passes through their gills.

Fisheries

Commercial herring catch

Adult herring are harvested for their meat and eggs, and they are often used as baitfish. The trade in herring is an important sector of many national economies. In Europe the fish has been called the "silver of the sea", and its trade has been so significant to many countries that it has been regarded as the most commercially important fishery in history.^[17] Environmental Defense have suggested that the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) fishery is one of the more environmentally responsible fisheries.^[18]

Medieval herring fishing in Scania, 1555

Sources

• Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Clupea". FishBase. January 2006 version.
• O'Clair, Rita M. and O'Clair, Charles E., "Pacific herring," Southeast Alaska's Rocky Shores: Animals. pg. 343–346. Plant Press: Auke Bay, Alaska (1998). ISBN 0-9664245-0-6