Chandas (poetry)

This article is about the Kannada and Telugu poetry. For the Vedic poetry, see Vedic metre. For metre in Sanskrit poetry, see Sanskrit prosody. For the quatrain poetic form of North India and Pakistan, see Chhand. For the typeface, see Chandas (typeface). For other uses, see Chanda (disambiguation).

Metrical poetry in Sanskrit is called Chhandas (Sanskrit: छन्दस्) or Chhandas/Chhandassu (Kannada: ಛಂದಸ್ಸು) and Chhandassu (Telugu: ఛందస్సు). The term Chandas (Sanskrit: छन्दः/छन्दस्, romanized: chandaḥ/chandas (singular), Sanskrit: छन्दांसि, romanized: chandāṃsi (plural)) means "pleasing, alluring, lovely, delightful, or charming", and is based on the root chad, which means "esteemed to please, to seem good, feel pleasant, and/or something that nourishes, gratifies, or is celebrated". Chandas refers to the Vedas themselves. Lord Krishna refers to the Vedas as leaves of the tree of creation. Vedas being in verse-form (Chandas), also came to be known as Chandas. The term also refers to "any metrical part of the Vedas or other composition". Prose and poetry follows the rules of Chhandas to design the structural features of 'poetry'. Chhandas is a definable aspect of many definable and indefinable aspects of poetry. Chhandas generates rhythm to the literature when the rules are properly followed. Rhythm is important to literature as a preliminary attraction.

Construction of Chandas

In Telugu

In Telugu, 'Chandas' is constructed based on the number of 'aksharaas' (syllables) in each line (also called paadam) of a poem.

As the same lines are repeated (aaVrutta), these are called 'Vruttaas'. If all the lines in a poem follow the same 'types of aksharaas', it is called a 'sama Vrutta'.

There are separate Telugu equivalents for the English words 'letter' and 'syllable'. The first one is 'Namu' (letter). This is the basic 'letter' of the Telugu in the alphabets, and is called 'varNa samaamnaayamu'. There are 56 'varNa samaamnaayamu(s)' in Telugu.

The equivalent for 'syllable' in Telugu is 'aksharamu'. 'Syllable' is often defined as the 'unit of pronunciation at a stretch' with a collection of letters (Naas) in it.

For example, in a word like 'svapnamu', 'sva' is an aksharamu (syllable), but not a Namu (letter) as it has two 'Naas' (sa and va) in it.

These 'aksharaas' (syllables) are divided into 'laghuvu' and 'guruvu' based on the time period of pronunciation. These 'aksharaas' or syllables are the fundamental aspects in constructing the 'chandas' in Telugu.

Meters of the same length are distinguished by the pattern of laghuvu ("light") and guruvu ("heavy") syllables in the paadam.

Pattern of laghuvu and guruvu in a sequence of three is called Gaṇam (group). The word ya-maa-taa-raa-ja-bhaa-na-sa-la-gam is called Gana Suchi. The Ganas are the same as Sanskrit Chandas.

• guruvu-laghuvu-laghuvu = bha-ganam
• laghuvu-guruvu-laghuvu = ja-ganam
• laghuvu-laghuvu-guruvu = sa-ganam
• laghuvu-guruvu-guruvu = ya-ganam
• guruvu-laghuvu-guruvu = ra-ganam
• guruvu-guruvu-laghuvu= ta-ganam

• guruvu-guruvu-guruvu = ma-ganam
• laghuvu-laghuvu-laghuvu = na-ganam

These Ganam(s) are divided into three major categories:

• Surya Ganam
• Indra Ganam
• Chandra Ganam

Types of Chandas

Based on categories of Ganam(s), Telugu poetry is classified as

• Jaati
• Upajaati
• Vruttam or Vrutta

Upajaati only has yati (caesura) but no praasa (rhythm) where as Jaati and Vruttaas contain both yati and prasaa.

There are 26 types of chandas. Each 'chandas' is recognized by the number of 'aksharaas' or syllables present in each line of the poem. As an 'akshara' can be either a 'laghuvu' or a 'guruvu', the number of variations possible in each type of 'chandas' follows a 'binary system'. The names and numbers of 'chandas' and the numbers of 'sama Vruttaas' that can be generated in each variety are as follows:

# of chandas	Name	No. of letters per line	# of sama Vruttam(s) possible
1	Ukta	1	2
2	atyukta	2	4
3	Madhya	3	8
4	pratisTha	4	16
5	suprstisTha	5	32
6	gaayatri	6	64
7	ushTikku	7	128
8	anusThuppu	8	256
9	bRhati	9	512
10	paMkti	10	1,024
11	trishTuppu	11	2,048
12	jagati	12	4,096
13	atijagati	13	8,192
14	Sakvari	14	16,384
15	atiSakvari	15	32,768
16	ashTi	16	65,536
17	atyashTi	17	131,072
18	dhRti	18	262,144
19	atidhRti	19	524,288
20	kRti	20	1,048,576
21	prakRti	21	2,097,152
22	aakRti	22	4,194,304
23	vikRti	23	8,388,608
24	sukRti	24	16,777,216
25	abhikRti	25	33,554,432
26	utkRti	26	67,108,864

^[1]

The total number of sama Vruttaas in 26 chandassus is 134,217,726.

In Kannada

The poetical works of Old Kannada and Middle Kannada followed the rules of Chandas given by Nagavarma I in the book Chandombudhi. Kannada prosody is classified into three parts:^[2]

1. Prāsa (ಪ್ರಾಸ)
2. Yati (ಯತಿ)
3. Gana (ಗಣ)

Prāsa

Praasa, or the rhyme scheme, refers to the same consonant repeating periodically in each line. There are two types:

• Ādi Prāsa: Rhyming of consonants at the beginning of a line
• Antya Prāsa: Rhyming of consonants at the end of a line.

Yati

While reading poetry, to breathe, readers paused at places in the text. These places were called Yati. However, the usage of 'Yati' is uncommon in Kannada literature.

Gana

Gana refers to a group. In Kannada prosody, Gana refers to the group of the syllables, letters, or units. There are three types:

• Mātra Gana: Gana classified on the basis of the syllables.
• Akshara Gana: Classified on the basis of letters.
• Ansha Gana: Classified on the basis of units or parts of the poem. Brahma, Vishnu and Rudra are the three types of Ansha Gana.

Mātrā Gana

One mātrā means the time taken to pronounce a letter. Thus the gana classified on this basis is called Mātrā Gana. While classifying, the ganas are made of 3, 4 or 5 syllables.

There are two types of syllables in Sanskrit prasody:

• Laghu: A short syllable (based on time duration to pronounce). It is denoted by the symbol 'U'.
• Guru: A long syllable (based on time duration to pronounce). It is denoted by the symbol '-'.

A letter becomes Guru when it has following features

• Long vowels (deergha swara)
• A letter preceding the combined letter (digraphs)
• Letter combined with anusvara or visarga
• Consonantal letter
• Diphthongs
• Last letter of third and sixth line of Shatpadi

A letter is considered as Laghu when it does not have the above features.

Types of Kannada Chandassu

1. Kanda (ಕಂದ ಪದ್ಯ)
2. Shatpadi (ಷಟ್ಪದಿ)
3. RagaỊe (ರಗಳೆ)

Kanda Poem

A kanda poem is a special type of Kannada prosody. The poem has four lines, where the first and third lines and the second and fourth lines have same number of maatras. Each Gana used in kanda poem has four maatras.

Shatpadi

A shatpadi is a poem that has six lines. The first, second, fourth, and fifth lines have equal numbers of maatras and third and sixth lines have same number of maatras. Each Gana used in Shatpadi may have 3, 4, or 5 maatras.

There are six types of Shatpadi. Each type has different rules, features and characteristics. The types are: Shara (ಶರ), Kusuma (ಕುಸುಮ), Bhoga (ಭೋಗ), Bhaamini (ಭಾಮಿನಿ), Parivardhini (ಪರಿವರ್ಧಿನಿ), and Vaardhaka (ವಾರ್ಧಕ).

RagaỊe

A ragaỊe is a poem that has many lines. All lines have equal number of maatras. There are three types of ragaỊe: Utsaaha (ಉತ್ಸಾಹ), Mandanila (ಮಂದಾನಿಲ), and Lalita (ಲಲಿತ).

Akshara Gana

Gana classified on the basis of letters or characters is known as Akshara Gana. The Akshara ganas are made of three letters or characters. A formula-sentence is used for this: ya-maa-taa-raa-ja-bhaa-na-sa-la-gam (ಯಮಾತಾರಾಜಭಾನಸಲಗಂ).

Thus we get eight akshara ganas by this. The ganas are same as in Sanskrit Chandas. The ganas are

• ya-gaṇa: ya-mā-tā = U – –
• ma-gaṇa: mā-tā-rā = – – –
• ta-gaṇa: tā-rā-ja = – – U
• ra-gaṇa: rā-ja-bhā = – U –
• ja-gaṇa: ja-bhā-na = U – U
• bha-gaṇa: bhā-na-sa = – U U
• na-gaṇa: na-sa-la = U U U
• sa-gaṇa: sa-la-gā = U U –

Vruttas

The poems written on the basis of Akshara gana are known as Vruttas. In Kannada Chandassu there are six types of Vruttas:

1. Utpala Mālā (ಉತ್ಪಲಮಾಲಾ ವೃತ್ತ)
2. Champaka Mālā (ಚಂಪಕಮಾಲಾ ವೃತ್ತ)
3. Shārdūla Vikrīdita (ಶಾರ್ದೂಲ ವಿಕ್ರೀಡಿತ ವೃತ್ತ)
4. Mattebha Vikrīdita (ಮತ್ತೇಭ ವಿಕ್ರೀಡಿತ ವೃತ್ತ)
5. Sragdharā (ಸ್ರಗ್ಧರಾ ವೃತ್ತ)
6. Mahā Sragdharā (ಮಹಾ ಸ್ರಗ್ಧರಾ ವೃತ್ತ)

See also

• Kannada Language
• Telugu language
• Kannada literature
• Telugu literature
• Kannada and Telugu people
• Satavahana Dynasty
• Sanskrit grammar
• Sanskrit pronouns and determiners
• Chandam - A Complete Software for Telugu Chandassu. Archived 21 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine

References

1. lingamagunTa timmakavi. sulakshaNa saaramu.
2. "ಛಂದಸ್ಸು, ಕಂದ ಪದ್ಯ, Chandassu, ಷಟ್ಪದಿ". www.nammakannadanaadu.com. Retrieved 21 April 2019.

3. kannada-grammer-in-old-poetry https://vistaranews.com/education/chandassu-how-kannada-grammer-in-old-poetry-designed-and-related-to-sanskrit/362436.html

External links

• Metrical Patterns (chandas), Chapter XVI of the Nāṭyaśāstra