Chadic languages

The Chadic languages form a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. They are spoken in parts of the Sahel. They include 196 languages^[1] spoken across northern Nigeria, southern Niger, southern Chad, and northern Cameroon. By far the most widely spoken Chadic language is Hausa, a lingua franca of much of inland Eastern West Africa, particularly Niger and the northern half of Nigeria. Hausa, along with Mafa and Karai Karai, are the only three Chadic languages with more than 1 million speakers.

Chadic
Geographic distribution	Nigeria, Niger, Chad, Cameroon
Linguistic classification	Afro-Asiatic Chadic
Proto-language	Proto-Chadic
Subdivisions	Biu–Mandara East Chadic Masa West Chadic
Language codes
ISO 639-5	cdc
Glottolog	chad1250
Map of the distribution of the Chadic languages within Africa
Detailed map of the distribution of Chadic languages in Western and Central Africa

Composition

Paul Newman (1977) classified the languages into the four groups which have been accepted in all subsequent literature. Further subbranching, however, has not been as robust; Roger Blench (2006), for example, only accepts the A/B bifurcation of East Chadic.^[2] Subsequent work by Joseph Lovestrand argues strongly that Kujarge is a valid member of East Chadic. The placing of Luri as a primary split of West Chadic is erroneous. Bernard Caron (2004) shows that this language is South Bauchi and part of the Polci cluster. A suggestion for including the language isolate Kujargé as an early-diverged member, which subsequently became influenced by East Chadic, has been made by Blench (2008).^[3]

• Chadic
  • West Chadic
    • the Hausa, Ron, Bole, and Angas languages
    • the Bade, Warji, and Zaar languages
  • Biu–Mandara (Central Chadic)
    • the Bura, Kamwe, and Bata languages, among other groups
    • the Buduma and Musgu languages
    • Gidar
  • East Chadic
    • the Tumak, Nancere, and Kera languages
    • the Dangaléat, Mukulu, and Sokoro languages
  • Masa

A chart of the Chadic branch of the Afroasiatic languages.

Loanwords

Chadic languages contain many Nilo-Saharan loanwords from either the Songhay or Maban branches, pointing to early contact between Chadic and Nilo-Saharan speakers as Chadic was migrating west.^[4]

Although Adamawa languages are spoken adjacently to Chadic languages, interaction between Chadic and Adamawa is limited.^[5]

Pronouns

Pronouns in Proto-Chadic, as compared to pronouns in Proto-Afroasiatic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:351):^[6]

Pronoun	Proto-Chadic	Proto-Afroasiatic
1	*ní	*i ~ *yi
2M	*ka	*ku, *ka
2F	*ki(m)	*kim
3M	*nì	*si, *isi
3F	*ta
1PL	*mun (incl.), *na (excl.)	(*-na ~ *-nu ~ *-ni) ?
2PL	*kun	*kuuna
3PL	*sun	*su ~ *usu

Comparative vocabulary

Sample basic vocabulary in different Chadic branches listed in order from west to east, with reconstructions of other Afroasiatic branches also given for comparison:

Language	eye	ear	nose	tooth	tongue	mouth	blood	bone	tree	water	eat	name
Proto-Chadic[7]	*ydn	*km/*ɬm	*ntn	*s₃n; *ƙ-d	*ls₃-	*bk	*br	*ƙs₃		*ymn	*hrɗ (hard); *twy (soft)	*s₃m
Hausa[8]	ido	kunne	hanci	haƙori	harshe	baki	jini	ƙashi	itaci; bishiya	ruwa	ci	suna
Proto-Ron[9]		*kumu	**atin	*haŋgor	*liʃ	*fo	ɟɑ̄lɑ̄, tɾɔ̃̄	*kaʃ				*sum
Proto-South Bauchi[10]	*(gwà)yìr(-ŋ)	*kə̂m(-si)				*bʸak(-ì)	*bìràm	*gu(ŋ)ul	*pit-ə̀			*(yì)sûm(-s₃)
Polci[11]	yiir	kəəm	cin	haƙori	shen	bii	buran; bəran	gooloo	pət	maa	ci	suŋ
Proto-Central Chadic[12]	*hadaj; *tsɨʸ	*ɬɨmɨɗʸ	*hʷɨtsɨnʸ	*ɬɨɗɨnʸ	*ɗɨrɨnɨhʸ; *ɣanaɗʸ; *naɬɨj		*maj	*ɗiɬ; *kɨrakaɬʸ	*hʷɨp	*ɗɨjɨm	*zɨm	*ɬɨmɨɗʸ
Proto-Masa[13]	*ir	*hum	*cin	*s-	*si	*vun	*vuzur	*sok	*gu	*mb-	*ti	*sem
Kujarge[14]	kunɟu	kumayo ~ kime	kaata	kiya	aliŋati	apa	ɪbɪrí	(kaɟeɟa), kàyɛ́ya	kaʃíè	ʃia	(tona), tuye [imp. sg.]; tuwona [imp. pl.]	rúwà
Other Afroasiatic branches
Proto-Cushitic[15]	*ʔil-		*ʔisŋʷ-	*ʔiɬkʷ-	*caanrab-	*ʔaf-/*yaf-		*mikʷ’-; *moc’-			*-aħm-/*-uħm-; *ɬaam-	*sim-/*sum-
Proto-Maji[16]	*ʔaːb	*háːy		*aːç’u		*eːdu		*uːs	*inču	*haːy	*um
Tarifiyt Berber[17]	ŧit’t’	aməžžun, aməz’z’uɣ	ŧinzā	ŧiɣməsŧ	iřəs	aqəmmum	iđammən	iɣəss		aman	šš	isəm
Coptic	ia	ma'aje	ša	šol, najhe	las	ro	snof	kas	šēn	mou	wōm	ran
Proto-Semitic[18]	*ʕayn-	*ʔuḏn-	*ʔanp-	*šinn-	*lišān-		*dam-	*ʕaṯ̣m-	*ʕiṣ̂-	*mā̆y-	*ʔ-k-l	(*šim-)
Proto-Afroasiatic[19]	*ʔǐl-	*-ʔânxʷ-		*sǐn-/*sǎn- 'tip, point'	*-lis’- 'to lick'	*âf-	*dîm-/*dâm-	*k’os-	*ɣǎ	*âm-; *akʷ’-	*-mǎaʕ-; *-iit-; *-kʷ’-̌	*sǔm-/*sǐm-

Bibliography

• Caron, Bernard 2004. Le Luri: quelques notes sur une langue tchadique du Nigeria. In: Pascal Boyeldieu & Pierre Nougayrol (eds.), Langues et Cultures: Terrains d’Afrique. Hommages à France Cloarec-Heiss (Afrique et Language 7). 193–201. Louvain-Paris: Peeters.
• Lukas, Johannes (1936) 'The linguistic situation in the Lake Chad area in Central Africa.' Africa, 9, 332–349.
• Lukas, Johannes. Zentralsudanische Studien, Hamburg 1937;
• Newman, Paul; Ma, Roxana (1966). "Comparative Chadic: Phonology and lexicon". Journal of African Languages. 5: 218–251. hdl:2022/21342.
• Newman, Paul (1977) 'Chadic classification and reconstructions.' Afroasiatic Linguistics 5, 1, 1–42.
• Newman, Paul (1978) 'Chado-Hamitic 'adieu': new thoughts on Chadic language classification', in Fronzaroli, Pelio (ed.), Atti del Secondo Congresso Internazionale di Linguistica Camito-Semitica. Florence: Instituto de Linguistica e di Lingue Orientali, Università di Firenze, 389–397.
• Newman, Paul (1980) The Classification of Chadic within Afroasiatic. Leiden: Universitaire Pers Leiden.
• Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Chadic lexical roots. Reimer, Berlin 1981.
• Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Chadic lexical roots. 2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin 1994
• Schuh, Russell (2003) 'Chadic overview', in M. Lionel Bender, Gabor Takacs, and David L. Appleyard (eds.), Selected Comparative-Historical Afrasian Linguistic Studies in Memory of Igor M. Diakonoff, LINCOM Europa, 55–60.

Data sets

• Kraft, Charles H. (1981). "CLDF:Wordlist". CLDF dataset derived from Kraft's "Chadic Wordlists" from 1981. Geneva. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3534953.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

See also

• Proto-Chadic reconstructions (Wiktionary)

References

1. "Chadic Languages; Ethnologue".
2. Blench, 2006. The Afro-Asiatic Languages: Classification and Reference List Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine (ms)
3. Blench, Roger. 2008. Links between Cushitic, Omotic, Chadic and the position of Kujarge Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine. 5th International Conference of Cushitic and Omotic languages.
4. Ehret, Christopher (5 December 2006). "The Nilo-Saharan background of Chadic". Studies in African Linguistics. 35: 56–66. doi:10.32473/sal.v35i0.107316. S2CID 195404449.
5. Blench, Roger. 2012. Linguistic evidence for the chronological stratification of populations South of Lake Chad. Presentation for Mega-Tchad Colloquium in Naples, September 13–15, 2012.
6. Vossen, Rainer and Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). 2020. The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
7. Jungraithmayr, Herrmann; Ibriszimow, Dymitr (1994). Chadic Lexical Roots: Tentative reconstruction, grading, distribution and comments. (Sprache und Oralität in Afrika; 20), volume I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
8. Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Hausa dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/220 Archived 2020-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
9. Blench, Roger. no date. Ron comparative wordlist Archived 2015-04-21 at the Wayback Machine.
10. Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1978. The Southern Bauchi group of Chadic languages: a survey report. (Africana Marburgensia: Sonderheft, 2.) Marburg/Lahn: Africana Marburgensia.
11. Cosper, Ronald. 2015. Polci dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/221 Archived 2020-01-01 at the Wayback Machine, Accessed on 2019-12-31.)
12. Gravina, Richard. 2014. Proto-Central Chadic Lexicon Archived 2021-01-20 at the Wayback Machine. Webonary.
13. Shryock, Aaron (June 1997). "The classification of the Masa group of languages". Studies in African Linguistics. 26 (1): 30–62. doi:10.32473/sal.v26i1.107396. S2CID 185914860.
14. Doornbos, Paul. 1981. Field notes on Kujarge, language metadata, 200-word list plus numerals and pronouns.
15. Ehret, Christopher (1987). "Proto-Cushitic Reconstruction". Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika. 8: 7–180.
16. Aklilu, Yilma (2003). "Comparative phonology of the Maji languages". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 36: 59–88.
17. Kossmann, Maarten. 2009. Tarifiyt Berber vocabulary Archived 2024-05-26 at the Wayback Machine. In: Haspelmath, Martin & Tadmor, Uri (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
18. Kogan, Leonid (2012). "Proto-Semitic Lexicon". In Weninger, Stefan (ed.). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 179–258. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.
19. Ehret, Christopher (1995). Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): vowels, tone, consonants, and vocabulary. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-09799-8.