C6orf58

C6orf58 is a human gene located at locus 6q22.33 of chromosome 6 and encodes for UPF0762, a protein which is subsequently secreted after cleavage of a signal peptide.^[5] DUF781, which is the singular identifiable domain in UPF0762, is tied to liver development in an orthologous protein in zebrafish.^[6] The function of the human UPF0762 is not yet well characterized.^[7]

C6orf58
Identifiers
Aliases	C6orf58, LEG1, chromosome 6 open reading frame 58
External IDs	MGI: 1914969; HomoloGene: 134042; GeneCards: C6orf58; OMA:C6orf58 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 6 (human)[1] Band 6q22.33 Start 127,519,455 bp[1] End 127,591,820 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 10 (mouse)[2] Band 10|10 A4 Start 28,848,284 bp[2] End 28,862,299 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in trachea pylorus olfactory zone of nasal mucosa minor salivary glands testicle cardia duodenum mucosa of pharynx gonad buccal mucosa cell Top expressed in parotid gland lacrimal gland olfactory epithelium tongue temporal muscle masseter muscle trachea duodenum cervix embryo More reference expression data BioGPS n/a
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 352999 67719 Ensembl ENSG00000184530 ENSMUSG00000015519 UniProt Q6P5S2 Q8C6C9 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001010905 NM_026336 RefSeq (protein) NP_001010905 NP_080612 Location (UCSC) Chr 6: 127.52 – 127.59 Mb Chr 10: 28.85 – 28.86 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Gene and mRNA

Genomic DNA Length (base pairs)	Exons	Mature mRNA Length (base pairs)	Splice variants	Signal peptide CDS (base pair)	Mature Peptide CDS (base pair)	5'-UTR (base pair)	3'-UTR (base pair)
14644[5]	6[5]	1200[5]	3[7]	13-72[5]	73-1002[5]	1-12[5]	1003-1200[5]

Expression

While there are 3 splice variants of C6orf58, only one encodes a good protein.^[7] In humans, C6orf58 expressed sequence tags were primarily detected in the larynx and trachea.^[8] Transcripts were only detected during the adult stage of development.^[8] Experimental microarray data, however, reveals additional regions of C6orf58 expression, namely in the salivary gland, thyroid, and small intestine.^[9] Arsenic may also regulate expression as it increases methylation of the C6orf58 promoter.^[10]

A microarray experiment of various tissues shows C6orf58 expression to be limited.

Gene Neighborhood

Genes within 500 Kilobases of C6orf58 include RSPO3, C6orf174, KIAA0408, RPL17P23, ECHDC1, RPL5P18, YWHAZP4, LOC100420743, LOC100421513, MRPS17P5, and THEMIS.

Homology

A selected set of homologous sequences are listed below, with sequence identity being calculated in comparison to the human reference sequence.

Species	Common Name	Accession Number	Sequence Length (base pairs)	Sequence Identity
Nomascus leucogenys	Northern white-cheeked gibbon	XM_003255689.1	1190	.97
Macaca mulatta	Rhesus monkey	NM_001194318.1	1190	.95
Oryctolagus cuniculus	European rabbit	XM_002714721.1	1014	.79
Loxodonta africana	African bush elephant	XM_003404026.1	1020	.78
Cavia porcellus	Guinea pig	XM_003468475.1	1017	.76
Equus caballus	Horse	XM_001917090.1	990	.77

Protein

Properties

Amino acid length (amino acids)	Signal Peptide Length (amino acids)	Molecular Weight of Precursor Protein	Molecular Weight of Signal Peptide (Predicted)	Molecular Weight of Mature Peptide(predicted)	Molecular Weight(observed)	Isoelectric Point (Predicted)	N-linked glycosylation Site
330[5]	20[5]	37.9 kDa[11]	2.1 kDa[11]	35.8 kDa[11]	32 kDa[12]	5.78[11]	Amino acid 69

Mass spectrometry has shown that the observed molecular weight of UPF0762 is 32kDa.^[12] It remains unclear why the observed molecular weight is less than predicted, even after accounting for cleavage of the signal peptide. Attachment of a sugar at the site of N-linked glycosylation would also increase the molecular weight.

Homology

UPF0762 shows high homology in primates and orthologous proteins can be traced back as far as trichoplax adhaerens. The list of proteins below is not a comprehensive listing of UPF0762 orthologs. Sequence identity and similarity were determined using BLAST^[13] with the reference human sequence as the query.

Species	Common Name	Accession Number	Sequence Length (amino acids)	Sequence Identity (%)	Sequence Similarity (%)
Pan troglodytes	Chimpanzee	XP_518733.2	330	1	1
Pongo abelii	Sumatran orangutan	XP_002817388.1	330	.98	.99
Callithrix jacchus	Marmoset	XP_002746989.1	330	.87	.93
Canis lupus	Gray wolf	XP_851589.1	310	.7	.82
Taeniopygia guttata	Zebra finch	XP_002190886.1	364	.43	.63
Gallus gallus	Red junglefowl	XP_419749.3	371	.42	.6
Xenopus tropicalis	Western clawed frog	XP_002940437.1	178	0.29	0.51
Trichoplax adhaerens	N/A	XP_002111384	381	.34	.49

Conserved domains

DUF781 is the singular domain of the protein and spans 318 of the protein's 330 amino acids. DUF781 has been linked to liver development in zebrafish.^[6]

Post-translational modifications

Observed post-translational modifications include N-linked glycosylation at amino acid 69.^[14] A signal peptide, which is predicted to direct the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion,^[15] is cleaved from the first 20 amino acids of the peptide sequence.^[5] The missense mutation S18F detected in hepatocellular carcinoma^[16] significantly reduces the predicted cleavage score of the signal peptide.^[17]

A graphical representation of UPF0762 showing various post-translational modifications.

Interactions

Human C6orf58 has been reported to interact with the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase as encoded by the vaccinia virus through a yeast two-hybrid screen.^[18]

Pathology

Statistical analysis has shown C6orf58 to be associated with pancreatic cancer survival time.^[19] In addition, a missense mutation at amino acid 18 has been observed in liver cancer cells where serine becomes phenylalanine.^[16] Analysis of the mutated protein sequence for a signal peptide shows cleavability at the regular amino acid 20 is lost.^[17] DUF781's association with liver development and the missense mutation's association with liver cancer is a correlation that remains to be investigated.

A SignalP analysis of the reference sequence and a sequence with the mutation S18F resulted in a significant drop in cleavage of the signal peptide.

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000184530 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000015519 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Homo sapiens chromosome 6 open reading frame 58 (C6orf58), mRNA". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
6. Chang C, Hu M, Zhu Z, Lo LJ, Chen J, Peng J (2011). "liver-enriched gene 1a and 1b encode novel secretory proteins essential for normal liver development in zebrafish". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e22910. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...622910C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022910. PMC 3153479. PMID 21857963.
7. Thierry-Mieg, Danielle. "AceView: integrative annotation of cDNA-supported genes in human, mouse, rat, worm and Arabidopsis". NCBI. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
8. "EST Profile Hs.226268". NCBI. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
9. Dezso Z, Nikolsky Y, Sviridov E, Shi W, Serebriyskaya T, Dosymbekov D, Bugrim A, Rakhmatulin E, Brennan RJ, Guryanov A, Li K, Blake J, Samaha RR, Nikolskaya T (2008). "A comprehensive functional analysis of tissue specificity of human gene expression". BMC Biol. 6: 49. doi:10.1186/1741-7007-6-49. PMC 2645369. PMID 19014478.
10. Smeester L, Rager JE, Bailey KA, Guan X, Smith N, García-Vargas G, Del Razo LM, Drobná Z, Kelkar H, Stýblo M, Fry RC (2011). "Epigenetic changes in individuals with arsenicosis". Chem. Res. Toxicol. 24 (2): 165–7. doi:10.1021/tx1004419. PMC 3042796. PMID 21291286.
11. Wilkins MR, Gasteiger E, Bairoch A, Sanchez JC, Williams KL, Appel RD, Hochstrasser DF (1999). "Protein identification and analysis tools in the ExPASy server". 2-D Proteome Analysis Protocols. Methods Mol. Biol. Vol. 112. pp. 531–52. doi:10.1385/1-59259-584-7:531. ISBN 1-59259-584-7. PMID 10027275. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
12. Mangum JE, Crombie FA, Kilpatrick N, Manton DJ, Hubbard MJ (October 2010). "Surface integrity governs the proteome of hypomineralized enamel". J. Dent. Res. 89 (10): 1160–5. doi:10.1177/0022034510375824. PMID 20651090. S2CID 21703818.
13. Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990). "Basic local alignment search tool". J. Mol. Biol. 215 (3): 403–10. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2. PMID 2231712. S2CID 14441902.
14. Ramachandran P, Boontheung P, Xie Y, Sondej M, Wong DT, Loo JA (June 2006). "Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry". J. Proteome Res. 5 (6): 1493–503. doi:10.1021/pr050492k. PMID 16740002.
15. Caboche, Michel. "Predotar". Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
16. Li M, Zhao H, Zhang X, Wood LD, Anders RA, Choti MA, Pawlik TM, Daniel HD, Kannangai R, Offerhaus GJ, Velculescu VE, Wang L, Zhou S, Vogelstein B, Hruban RH, Papadopoulos N, Cai J, Torbenson MS, Kinzler KW (2011). "Inactivating mutations of the chromatin remodeling gene ARID2 in hepatocellular carcinoma". Nat. Genet. 43 (9): 828–9. doi:10.1038/ng.903. PMC 3163746. PMID 21822264.
17. Petersen TN, Brunak S, von Heijne G, Nielsen H (2011). "SignalP 4.0: discriminating signal peptides from transmembrane regions". Nat. Methods. 8 (10): 785–6. doi:10.1038/nmeth.1701. PMID 21959131. S2CID 16509924.
18. Zhang L, Villa NY, Rahman MM, Smallwood S, Shattuck D, Neff C, Dufford M, Lanchbury JS, Labaer J, McFadden G (2009). "Analysis of vaccinia virus-host protein-protein interactions: validations of yeast two-hybrid screenings". J. Proteome Res. 8 (9): 4311–8. doi:10.1021/pr900491n. PMC 2738428. PMID 19637933.
19. Wu TT, Gong H, Clarke EM (2011). "A transcriptome analysis by lasso penalized Cox regression for pancreatic cancer survival". J Bioinform Comput Biol. 9 (Suppl 1): 63–73. doi:10.1142/s0219720011005744. PMID 22144254.

External links

• Human C6orf58 genome location and C6orf58 gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser.