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Type of chart From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A bubble chart is a type of chart that displays three dimensions of data. Each entity with its triplet (v1, v2, v3) of associated data is plotted as a disk that expresses two of the vi values through the disk's xy location and the third through its size. Bubble charts can facilitate the understanding of social, economical, medical, and other scientific relationships.
Bubble charts can be considered a variation of the scatter plot, in which the data points are replaced with bubbles. As the documentation for Microsoft Office explains, "You can use a bubble chart instead of a scatter chart if your data has three data series that each contain a set of values. The sizes of the bubbles are determined by the values in the third data series.".[1]
Using bubbles to represent scalar (one-dimensional) values can be misleading. The human visual system most naturally experiences a disk's size in terms of its diameter, rather than area.[2] This is why most charting software requests the radius or diameter of the bubble as the third data value (after horizontal and vertical axis data). Scaling the size of bubbles based on area can be misleading [ibid].
This scaling issue can lead to extreme misinterpretations, especially where the range of the data has a large spread. And because many people are unfamiliar with—or do not stop to consider—the issue and its impact on perception, those who are aware of it often have to hesitate in interpreting a bubble chart because they cannot assume that the scaling correction was indeed made. It is therefore important that bubble charts not only be scaled correctly, but also be clearly labeled to document that it is area, rather than radius or diameter, that conveys the data.[3]
Judgments based on bubble sizes can be problematic regardless of whether area or diameter is used. For example, bubble charts can lead to misinterpretations such as the weighted average illusion,[4] where the sizes of bubbles are taken into account when estimating the mean x- and y-values of the scatterplot. The range of bubble sizes used is often arbitrary. For example, the maximum bubble size is often set to some fraction of the total width of the chart, and therefore will not equal the true measurement value.
The metaphoric representation of data values as disk areas cannot be extended for displaying values that are negative or zero. As a fallback, some users of bubble charts resort to graphic symbology to express nonpositive data values. As an example, a negative value can be represented by a disk of area in which is centered some chosen symbol like "×" to indicate that the size of the bubble represents the absolute value of a negative data value. And this approach can be reasonably effective in situations where data values' magnitudes (absolute values) are themselves somewhat important—in other words, where values of and are similar in some context-specific way—so that their being represented by congruent disks makes sense.
To represent zero-valued data, some users dispense with disks altogether, using, say, a square centered at the appropriate location. Others use full circles for positive, and empty circles for negative values.
Additional information about the entities beyond their three primary values can often be incorporated by rendering their disks in colors and patterns that are chosen in a systematic way. And, of course, supplemental information can be added by annotating disks with textual information, sometimes as simple as unique identifying labels for cross-referencing to explanatory keys and the like.
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