Brookesia

Not to be confused with Brooksia, a genus of fungi, Brooksia, a genus of salps, or Brookea, a genus of flowering plants in family Plantaginaceae

Brookesia is a genus of chameleons, lizards in the family Chamaeleonidae. The genus is endemic to Madagascar. Member species range from small to very small in size, and are known collectively as leaf chameleons (though this common name is also used for species in the genera Rieppeleon and Rhampholeon). Brookesia includes species considered to be the world's smallest chameleons, and are also among the smallest reptiles. Members of the genus Brookesia are largely brown, and most are essentially terrestrial.

Brookesia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Iguania
Family:	Chamaeleonidae
Subfamily:	Brookesiinae
Genus:	Brookesia Gray, 1864
Type species
Chamaeleo superciliaris Kuhl, 1820
Diversity
32 species

A significant percentage of the species in the genus were only identified to science within the last three decades, and a number of species that still have not received a scientific name are known to exist. Most inhabit very small ranges in areas that are difficult to access, and due to their small size and secretive nature, they have been relatively poorly studied compared to their larger relatives.

Brookesia are abundant in low-disturbance riparian zones^[1] and low-disturbance rainforests. Brookesia are scarce in high-disturbance forests^[2] recovering from burning. As of 2024, Brookesia nofy is the most recently described new species in the subfamily Brookesiinae.^[3] A different species, B. nana, is the first chameleon known not to change colors.^{[citation needed]}

Etymology

The generic name Brookesia is in honor of British naturalist Joshua Brookes.^[4]

Conservation status

Most Brookesia are on CITES Appendix II, the only exception being B. perarmata on Appendix I (a species also listed as endangered and a newly discovered Brookesia nana listed as Critically Endangered^[5] by IUCN). Consequently, a special permit is required to import any of the below species from their native Madagascar, and typically no permit is issued for B. perarmata.

Species

Brookesia desperata female, stress-coloured, with two recently laid eggs.

Brookesia nana (male), the world's smallest known reptile species

Males (left) and females (right) of four Brookesia species described in 2012, all belonging to the B. minima species group: A-B B. tristis, C-D B. confidens, E-F B. micra, G-H B. desperata^[6]

The genus Brookesia contains the following 32 species which are recognized as being valid.^[7]

• Brookesia antakarana – Antakarana Leaf Chameleon Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1995
• Brookesia bekolosy – Bekolosy Leaf Chameleon Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1995
• Brookesia betschi – Blank's Leaf Chameleon Brygoo, Blanc & Domergue, 1974
• Brookesia bonsi – Namoroka Leaf Chameleon Ramanantsoa, 1980
• Brookesia brunoi – Anja Reserve Leaf Chameleon Crottini et al., 2012
• Brookesia brygooi Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1995 – leaf chameleon or Brygoo's chameleon
• Brookesia confidens Glaw et al., 2012^[6]
• Brookesia decaryi Angel, 1939 – spiny leaf chameleon
• Brookesia dentata Mocquard, 1900 – toothed leaf chameleon
• Brookesia desperata Glaw et al., 2012^[6]
• Brookesia ebenaui (Boettger, 1880) – northern leaf chameleon
• Brookesia exarmata Schimmenti & Jesu, 1996
• Brookesia griveaudi Brygoo, Blanc & Domergue, 1974 – Marojejy leaf chameleon
• Brookesia karchei Brygoo, Blanc & Domergue, 1970 – naturelle leaf chameleon
• Brookesia lambertoni Brygoo & Domergue, 1970 – Fito leaf chameleon
• Brookesia lineata Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 1995
• Brookesia micra Glaw et al., 2012^[6]
• Brookesia minima Boettger, 1893 – minute leaf chameleon
• Brookesia nana Glaw et al., 2021 – Nano-chameleon
• Brookesia nofy Rakotoarison et al., 2024
• Brookesia perarmata (Angel, 1933) – Antsingy leaf chameleon
• Brookesia peyrierasi Brygoo & Domergue, 1974 – Peyrieras's leaf chameleon
• Brookesia ramanantsoai Brygoo & Domergue, 1975 – Ramanantsoa's minute leaf chameleon
• Brookesia stumpffi Boettger, 1894 – plated leaf chameleon
• Brookesia superciliaris (Kuhl, 1820) – brown leaf chameleon
• Brookesia tedi Scherz, J. Kohler, Rakotoarison, Glaw & Vences, 2019
• Brookesia therezieni Brygoo & Domergue, 1970 – Perinet leaf chameleon
• Brookesia thieli Brygoo & Domergue, 1969 – Domergue's leaf chameleon
• Brookesia tristis Glaw et al., 2012^[6]
• Brookesia tuberculata Mocquard, 1894 – Mount d'Ambre leaf chameleon
• Brookesia vadoni Brygoo & Domergue, 1968 – Iaraka River leaf chameleon, mossy pygmy leaf chameleon
• Brookesia valerieae Raxworthy, 1991 – Raxworthy's leaf chameleon

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Brookesia.

See also

• Island dwarfism

References

1. Jenkins, Richard K.B.; Brady, Lee D.; Bisoa, Michel; Rabearivony, Jeanneney; Griffiths, Richard A. (2003). "Forest disturbance and river proximity influence chameleon abundance in Madagascar". Biological Conservation. 109 (3): 407–415. Bibcode:2003BCons.109..407J. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00166-0.
2. Raxworthy, Christopher J.; Nussbaum, Ronald A. (1994). "A Rainforest Survey of Amphibians, Reptiles and Small Mammals at Montagne D'Ambre, Madagascar". Biological Conservation. 69 (1): 65–73. Bibcode:1994BCons..69...65R. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90329-8. hdl:2027.42/31871.
3. Rakotoarison, Andolalao; Hasiniaina, Alida; Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (10 September 2024). "A new miniaturized species of leaf chameleon, genus Brookesia, from a littoral forest fragment in eastern Madagascar". Zootaxa. 5506 (4). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5506.4.3. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
4. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Genus Brookesia, p. 40).
5. "'Smallest reptile on earth' discovered in Madagascar". BBC News. 5 February 2021.
6. Glaw F; Köhler J; Townsend TM; Vences M (2012). "Rivaling the World's Smallest Reptiles: Discovery of Miniaturized and Microendemic New Species of Leaf Chameleons (Brookesia) from Northern Madagascar". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31314. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731314G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031314. PMC 3279364. PMID 22348069.
7. Genus Brookesia at The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org

Further reading

• Gray JE (1864). "Revision of the Genera and Species of Chamæleonidæ, with the Description of some New Species". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1864: 465–477 + Plates XXXI & XXXII. (Brookesia, new genus, pp. 476–477).

External links

• CITES: Appendices I, II and III. Accessed 23-01-2009.
• Glaw F, Vences M (2007). A Field Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar, Third Edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlag. 496 pp. ISBN 978-3-929449-03-7.