Borealosuchus

Borealosuchus (meaning "northern crocodile") is an extinct genus of crocodyliforms that lived from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene in North America. It was named by Christopher Brochu in 1997 for several species that had been assigned to Leidyosuchus. The species assigned to it are: B. sternbergii, the type species, from the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming; B. acutidentatus, from the Paleocene of Saskatchewan; B. formidabilis, from the Paleocene of North Dakota;^[2] B. griffithi, from the Paleocene of Alberta;^[3] and B. wilsoni, from the Eocene of Wyoming.^[2] B. formidabilis is particularly well-known, represented by the remains of many individuals from the Wannagan Creek site in North Dakota.^[4] An indeterminate species is known from the Late Cretaceous Demopolis Chalk in Alabama.^[5]

Borealosuchus Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - Eocene, 70.6–47.8 Ma[1] PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Skeleton cast at the North Dakota Heritage Center & State Museum
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Clade:	Archosauria
Clade:	Pseudosuchia
Clade:	Crocodylomorpha
Clade:	Crocodyliformes
Clade:	Eusuchia
Genus:	†Borealosuchus Brochu, 1997
Type species
Leidyosuchus sternbergii (Gilmore, 1910)
Species
see text

Borealosuchus was a mid-sized crocodyliform, with B. wilsoni measuring approximately 3.2–4.5 metres (10–15 ft) long.^[6]

Taxonomy

Six species of Borealosuchus are currently recognized. In order of their naming, they are B. sternbergii, B. acutidentatus, B. wilsoni, B. formidabilis, B. griffithi, and B. threeensis.^[7] Four of these species (B. sternbergi, B. acutidentatus, B. wilsoni, and B. formidabilis) were originally named as species of Leidyosuchus.^[7] A sixth species of Borealosuchus, B. threeensis, was named in 2012. Fossils of this species were found in the Inversand Company Marl Pit of Gloucester County, New Jersey. The specific name is a reference to Exit 3 of the New Jersey Turnpike, which is the closest highway exit to the type locality. The authors of the paper describing B. threeensis noted that the name is "in reference to a question every New Jersey resident encounters when traveling: 'Oh, you're from New Jersey? Which exit?'".^[8]

• †B. sternbergii (Gilmore, 1910)
  • Moved from Leidyosuchus sternbergii
• †B. acutidentatus (Sternberg, 1932)
  • Moved from L. acutidentatus
• †B. formidabilis (Erickson, 1976)
  • Moved from L. formidabilis
• †B. griffithi Wu, Brinkman, and Fox, 2001
• †B. threeensis Brochu et al., 2012
• †B. wilsoni (Mook, 1959)
  • Moved from L. wilsoni

Classification

Skull in the Smithsonian Institution

Borealosuchus wilsoni at the Houston Museum of Natural Science

Skeleton of B. wilsoni in the Field Museum of Natural History

Although some earlier phylogenetic studies proposed Borealosuchus to be a member of Crocodylia,^[8][9] recent studies are now recovering Borealosuchus as a basal eusuchian not belonging to Crocodylia,^[10][11][1] as shown in the cladogram below:^[1]

Eusuchia	† Hylaeochampsa † Allodaposuchidae † Borealosuchus † B. sternbergii † B. acutidentatus † B. formidabilis † B. threensis † B. wilsoni Crocodylia Alligatoridae Caimaninae Caiman Melanosuchus Paleosuchus Alligatorinae Alligator Longirostres Crocodylidae Crocodylus Mecistops Osteolaemus Gavialidae Gavialis Tomistoma

References

1. Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMC 8428266. PMID 34567843.
2. Brochu, C.A. (1997). "A review of "Leidyosuchus" (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (4): 679–697. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011017.
3. Wu, X-C.; Brinkman, D.B.; Fox, R.C. (2001). "A new crocodylian (Archosauria) from the basal Paleocene of the Red Deer River Valley, southern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 38 (12): 1689–1704. doi:10.1139/cjes-38-12-1689.
4. Erickson, Bruce R. (1976). Osteology of the Early Eusuchian Crocodile Leidyosuchus formidabilis, sp. nov. The Science Museum of Minnesota St. Paul, Minnesota Monograph 2, Paleontology. St. Paul: The Science Museum of Minnesota. pp. 1–61.
5. Kejiri, T.; Ebersole, J.A.; Blewitt, H.L.; Ebersole, S.M. (2013). "An Overview of Late Cretaceous Vertebrates from Alabama". Bulletin of the Alabama Museum of Natural History. 31 (1): 46–71.
6. Iijima, M.; Kubo, T. (2020). "Vertebrae-Based Body Length Estimation in Crocodylians and Its Implication for Sexual Maturity and the Maximum Sizes". Integrative Organismal Biology. 2 (1). obaa042. doi:10.1093/iob/obaa042. PMC 7891683.
7. Fossilworks
8. Brochu, C.A.; Parris, D.C.; Grandstaff, B.S.; Denton, R.K. Jr.; Gallagher, W.B. (2012). "A new species of Borealosuchus (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Late Cretaceous–early Paleogene of New Jersey". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (1): 105–116. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.633585. S2CID 83931184.
9. Eduardo Puértolas; José I. Canudo; Penélope Cruzado-Caballero (2011). "A New Crocodylian from the Late Maastrichtian of Spain: Implications for the Initial Radiation of Crocodyloids". PLOS ONE. 6 (6): e20011. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...620011P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020011. PMC 3110596. PMID 21687705.
10. Diego Pol; Alan H. Turner; Mark A. Norell (2009). "Morphology of the late Cretaceous crocodylomorph Shamosuchus djadochtaensis and a discussion of neosuchian phylogeny as related to the origin of Eusuchia". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 324: 1–103. hdl:2246/5977.
11. Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMC 6030529. PMID 30051855.

External links

• Borealosuchus in the Paleobiology Database