Border Roads Organisation

The Border Roads Organisation (BRO) is a statutory body under the ownership of the Ministry of Defence of the Government of India. BRO develops and maintains road networks in India's border areas and friendly neighboring countries. This includes infrastructure operations in 19 states and three union territories (including Andaman and Nicobar Islands) and neighboring countries such as Afghanistan, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tajikistan and Sri Lanka. By 2022, BRO had constructed over 55,000 kilometres (34,000 mi) of roads, over 450 permanent bridges with a total length of over 44,000 metres (27 mi) length and 19 airfields in strategic locations. BRO is also tasked with maintaining this infrastructure including operations such as snow clearance.^[3][4][5][6]

Border Roads Organisation

Logo of Border Road Organisation
Flag of BRO
Abbreviation	BRO
Formation	7 May 1960
Purpose	Providing infrastructure to the armed forces of India and friendly nations
Headquarters	Seema Sadak Bhawan, New Delhi
Director General	Lt. Gen. Raghu Srinivasan[1]
Parent organisation	Ministry of Defence
Budget	₹6,004.08 crore (equivalent to ₹64 billion or US$760 million in 2023) (2022–23)[2]
Award(s)	23 × Kirti Chakra 218 × Shaurya Chakra 2 × Padma Shri 16 × Param Vishisht Seva Medal 43 × Ati Vishist Seva Medal 25 × Sena Medal 3 × Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak 17 × Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak (see #Decorations for more details)
Website	www.bro.gov.in Tourism- www.marvels.bro.gov.in
Remarks	Infrastructure counstruction in Border areas

Officers from the Border Roads Engineering Service (BRES) and personnel from the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF) form the parent cadre of the BRO. It is also staffed by officers and troops drawn from the Indian Army Corps of Engineers on extra regimental employment (on deputation). The Indian Army Pioneer Corps are attached to BRO task forces. BRO is also included in the Order of Battle of the Armed Forces, ensuring their support at any time.^[7] The organisations motto is Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam (everything is achievable through hardwork).^[8]

BRO is instrumental in significantly upgrading and building new India-China Border Roads (ICBRs). With regard to ICBRs Vaishali S Hiwase is the first woman officer for BRO road projects along the border with China.^[9][10] BRO set a Guinness World Record in November 2021 for the "highest altitude road" at Umling La.^[11] BRO has been instrumental in constructing projects like Atal Tunnel, Atal Setu, and Col Chewang Rinchen Setu, to name a few.

History

The BRO was formed on 7 May 1960 to secure India's borders and develop infrastructure in remote areas of the north and north-east states of the country.^[12] In order to ensure coordination and expeditious execution of projects, the Government of India set up the Border Roads Development Board (BRDB) with the prime minister as chairman of the board and with the defence minister as deputy chairman.

Today, the BRDB exercises the financial and other powers of a Department of Government of India and is chaired by the Minister of State for Defence. Among others, Chief(s) of Army and Air Staff, Engineer-in-chief, Director General Border Roads (DGBR), FA(DS) are members of the BRDB. The secretary of the board exercises the powers of Joint Secretary to the Government of India. The executive head of the BRO is the Director General Border Roads (DGBR), who holds the rank of lieutenant general.^[13] In a bid to boost border connectivity, BRO has been entirely brought under the Ministry of Defence in 2015. Earlier it received funds from the Ministry of Surface Transport under the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.^[14][15]

Organisation

The BRO consists of Border Roads Wing under the Ministry of Defense and the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF). Officers are selected through the IES Examination conducted by the UPSC. Officers are also deputed from Indian Army Corps of Engineers, who are posted to GREF on ERE. The GREF includes civil engineers, mechanical engineers, administrative officers and medical officers.

The Border Roads Engineering Service (BRES) officers are governed by Central Civil Services (CCS/ CCA) Rules, 1965. They also subjected to all provisions of the Army Act, 1950 and Army Rules, 1954 except a few exceptions as given in SRO 329 and SRO 330 both 23 September 1960. GREF is an integral part of the Armed Forces within meaning of Article 33^[16] of the Constitution of India and members of GREF are also members of the Armed Forces as declared by the Supreme Court in respect of R. Viswan vs Union of India 1983 and authorized for all benefits which are applicable to Armed Forces of India.^[7]

The organisation's operations are spread across India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan.^[3]

The BRO includes 18 projects, which are divided into Task Forces, Road Construction Companies (RCCs), Bridge Construction Companies (BCCs), Drain Maintenance Companies (DMCs), and Platoons. The organisation also includes base workshops, store divisions, training and recruitment centers, and other staff.^[17]

An Internal Financial Advisor (IFA) supports the BRO, performing the roles of Chief Accounts Officer and Internal Auditor. This system was introduced on 23 March 1995 to introduce efficiency and improve resource utilisation.^[18] The IFA secured ISO 9001 certification in December 1999.

The organisation employs laborers locally. No local labourer is deployed in BRO for more than 179 days at a stretch, thus keeping the nature of their employment casual.^[19]

Director General of Border Roads

BRO Organization Chart

A list of the Director General of Border Roads (DGBR):^[20]

List of DGBR
#	Officeholders
1	Maj Gen KN Dubey, PVSM
2	Maj Gen RA Loomba
3	Maj Gen Arjan Singh
4	Maj Gen JS Bawa, AVSM
5	Brig Gobinder Singh (officiating)
6	Maj Gen VV Bhide, AVSM
7	Maj Gen JS Soin, PVSM
8	Maj Gen S Ahluwalia, AVSM
9	Maj Gen JM Rai, AVSM
10	Maj Gen JC Sachdeva, PVSM
11	Lt Gen MS Gosain, PVSM, AVSM, VSM
12	Lt Gen Maharaj Singh, PVSM, AVSM
13	Lt Gen Vimal Shinghal, PVSM, ADC
14	Lt Gen RJ Mordecai, PVSM, AVSM
15	Lt Gen AK Puri, PVSM, AVSM
16	Lt Gen Prakash Suri, PVSM
17	Lt Gen Ranjit Singh, SM
18	Lt Gen KS Rao, AVSM
19	Lt Gen AK Nanda, AVSM
20	Lt Gen MC Badhani, PVSM, VSM
21	Lt Gen S Ravi Shankar, PVSM, VSM
22	Lt Gen AT Parnaik, SM, VSM
23	Lt Gen RM Mittal, PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM
24	Lt Gen Suresh Sharma, AVSM[21]
25	Lt Gen SK Shrivastava, AVSM
26	Lt Gen Harpal Singh, PVSM, AVSM, VSM
27	Lt Gen Rajeev Chaudhry, VSM
28	Lt Gen Raghu Srinivasan, VSM (incumbent)[22]

Centres of excellence

In June 2021, the "Centre of Excellence for Road Safety & Awareness" and "Centre of Excellence for Roads, Bridges, Air Fields and Tunnels" were set up.^[23]

Ranks

Rank group	General / flag officers										Senior officers						Junior officers
Indian Border Roads Organisation v t e
					Director general -		Additional Director General -		Chief Engineer -		Superintending Engineer -		Executive Engineer (NFSG) -		Executive Engineer -		Assistant Executive Engineer -		Assistant Engineer -

Rank group	Junior commissioned officers										Non commissioned officers																		Enlisted
Indian Border Roads Organisation v t e																													No insignia
	Senior Hindi translator						Junior engineer/Senior supervisor/Superintendent		Assistant superintendent	Supervisor	Radio mechanic			Leading hand			Special grade						Grade-I				Grade-II		Pioneer

Role of the BRO

A Himank BRO road sign in Ladakh

Roles of the BRO include:^[7]

During Peace

1. To develop and maintain the operational road infrastructure of General Staff (GS) roads in the border areas.
2. To contribute to the socio-economic development of the border states.

During War

1. To develop and maintain roads to keep line of control through in original sectors and re-deployed sectors.
2. To execute additional tasks as laid down by the government contributing to the war effort.

BRO is entrusted for construction of roads, bridges, tunnels, causeways, helipads and airfields. The BRO is also in charge of maintenance of its road networks. In many places landslides, avalanches and snow block the routes and have to be cleared as quickly as possible. BRO also employs more than 200,000 casual paid labours in the task.

Yearly summary of roads constructed

BRO had completed following 257 border roads of 13,525-km number in last 5 years during 2017–22:^[24]

• Arunachal Pradesh: 64 (3,097-km).
• Ladakh: 43 (3,141-km).
• J&K: 61 (2,382-km).
• Himachal Pradesh: (739-km).
• Uttarakhand: 22 (947-km).
• Sikkim: 18 (664-km).
• Rajasthan: 13 (884-km).
• Mizoram: 8 (590-km)
• Manipur: 8 (492-km).

BRO road length constructed in India.

Fiscal year	Length constructed	Notes
Before 2015	50,000 kilometres (31,000 mi)[3]
2015–2016	?
2016–2017	?
2017–2018	612.82 kilometres (380.79 mi)[6]
2018–2019	608.62 kilometres (378.18 mi)[6]
2019–2020	991.22 kilometres (615.92 mi)[6]
2020–2021	940.64 kilometres (584.49 mi)[6]
2021–2022	741.70 kilometres (460.87 mi)[6]	3,595 km (2,234 mi) new BRO roads in five years from 2017–2018 to 2021–2022.[6]
2022–2023
2023–2024
Total	~55,000 kilometres (34,000 mi)

Projects and initiatives

The BRO undertakes projects in India and friendly countries. These projects typically include developing roads, bridges, and airfields in hostile environments shunned by private enterprises, whether due to security concerns related to hostilities, or because of environmental challenges. BRO has been active during the 1962 war, the conflicts with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, and has also been active in anti-insurgency operations in the northeast.^[7]

The BRO operates in 18 projects namely: Arunank, Beacon, Brahmank, Chetak, Deepak, Dantak^[25] (Bhutan), Himank, Hirak, Pushpak, Sampark, Yojak, Sewak, Shivalik, Swastik, Udayak, Vartak and Vijayak.^[26][27]

BRO projects in India and friendly nations

	BRO Projects	HQ/ Location[28]	Notes
Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh
1	Beacon	Srinagar	Beacon is the oldest BRO project (along with Vartak). Initially known as Chief Engineer Roads (Ladakh) when it was initiated in 1960; it was renamed as Chief Engineer Project Beacon. Roads under Beacon include NH1A, NH1B, NH1D, Zoji La tunnel.[29][5]
2	Himank	Leh	Beacon was divided into projects Sampark and Himank.[29]
3	Sampark	Jammu
4	Vijayak	Leh	Raised in September 2010.[30]
5	Nimmu-Padam-Darcha	Ladhak	strategically important all-weather 298 km long Nimmu-Padam-Darcha Road[31]
Sikkim, Northeast
6	Vartak	Tezpur	One of two projects raised in May 1960 and focused on Arunachal Pradesh. Formerly designated Project Tusker. Undertakes China Study Group roads.[29][5]
5	Udayak	Doom Dooma	One of the two older projects raised in May 1960. Assigned road infrastructure projects in the north-east region of the country.[29]
7	Arunanak	Papum Pare	Vartak was divided into Arunanak. Raised at Naharlagun.[32]
8	Sewak	Dimapur	Road development in the north-east amidst insurgency; roads include the Zunheboto-Aghunato-Kiphire road.[29]
9	Pushpak	Aizawl	Roads in north-east India including Mizoram, Assam and Manipur; NH-39, NH-53.[29]
10	Setuk	Shillong	Raised in 1990 for bridge construction. Re-structured in 1994 to assist in other road development projects in the north-east. Project has also been assigned fencing along the India Bangladesh border.[29]
11	Swastik	Gangtok	Revived in 2008. Roads in Sikkim.[30]
Other states
12	Hirak	Tanakpur	Hirak (transl. Black Diamond) are responsible for the NH-16 and roads and bridges in the naxal areas. It has also undertaken work in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.[29]
13	Shivalik	Rishikesh	Road infrastructure to the international border.[30]
14	Deepak	Shimla	Project Deepak continues to improve roads in Uttarakhand. It keeps open the roads to Char Dhams and Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib.[29]
15	Brahmank	Pasighat
16	Chetak	Bikaner	Raised in 1962 and named after Maharana Pratap's horse Chetak. Roads and development undertaken include the Joshimath-Malari-Rinkin road, Rishikesh-Badrinath road, Tanankpur-Tawaghat road, NH4B, 17B, and naval airfield resurfacing in Maharashtra.[29]
17	Yojak	Manali (temporary)	Inaugurated in 2022, it is tasked to construct tunnels and maintain existing tunnels like the Atal Tunnel along with building road in the Manali-Ladakh axis
National-International
18	Dantak	Simtokha	Initiated in Bhutan, Dantak now covers adjacent India states. Roads developed include Sherbathang-Nathu La road, Gangtok-Sherbathang road and Sevoke-Gangtok road.[29]
Projects have also included those in Myanmar.and Afghanistan (Zaranj).

Disaster management and reconstruction

The BRO also played a vital role in reconstruction work in the aftermath of the devastating 2004 tsunami in Tamil Nadu, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake,^[33] and the 2010 Ladakh flash floods.^[34]

Overseas infrastructure development

Some of these projects carry out some of the development initiatives of the Indian government in foreign territories like Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Bhutan. These include the Delaram-Zaranj Highway in Afghanistan, completed and handed over to the Afghan government during 2008,^[35] and the restoration of the Farkhor^[36] and Ayni^[37] air bases in Tajikistan.

Border infrastructure development

See also: Northeast India connectivity projects and Look East connectivity

In response to the ever-present security threat from Pakistan and increased incursions and rapid border infrastructure from China, India too is undertaking border infrastructure development.

Border roads

Main article: India-China Border Roads

As per a July 2017 update to Lok Sabha from the Government of India, construction of 73 completed strategic roads along the Sino-India border was approved in 2005 with initial and currently revised deadlines of 2012–2013 and 2019–2020 respectively, including 43 by the Ministry of Defence and 27 by the Ministry of Home Affairs, of which only 21 roads by March 2017 and 30 roads by July 2017 have been completed and the remaining are under construction as progress was slowed down due to wildlife conservation and environmental approval, insurgency related security hurdles, delay in land acquisition by the states, inaccessible terrain, inclement weather, and other impediments.

BRO is constructing 63 out of these 73 roads as it costs BRO ₹15 million (equivalent to ₹21 million, US$250,000 or €260,000 in 2023) to ₹30 million (equivalent to ₹42 million, US$500,000 or €520,000 in 2023) per km compared to ₹60 million (equivalent to ₹84 million, US$1.0 million or €1.0 million in 2023) to ₹70 million (equivalent to ₹98 million, US$1.2 million or €1.2 million in 2023) per km of road construction by the private companies.^[38][39] In two years alone, 2015–16 and 2016–17, prime minister Narendra Modi's government has allocated more than US$4.7 billion in contracts for the development of border roads, which also includes the US$256 million 1,360 kilometres (850 mi) India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway from Moreh in Manipur through Tamu, Myanmar to Mae Sot in Thailand.^[40]

In July 2020, BRO was also tasked with building new roads to connect eastern Bhutan to western Tawang area such as Lumla-Trashigang road through Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary.^[41]

Road bridges

To provide multiple points of alternative connectivity to the forces, BRO is building 410 2-lane class-70 (heavy load bearing including tanks) road bridges along the 3,440 km (2,140 mi) long McMahon Line border with China, including 144 in Arunachal Pradesh (75 already under construction and will be completed by 2020), 100 under construction in Jammu and Kashmir, 55 under construction in Uttrakhand, 40 under construction in Sikkim and 25 under construction in Himachal Pradesh (c. Dec 2017).^[42] The annual pace of construction is 3 km (1.9 mi) of bridges (c. Dec 2017).^[42] On 12 October 2020 Defense Minister Rajnath Singh inaugurated 44 new bridges.^[43]

Border tunnels

Main article: List of geostrategic tunnels of India

In November 2017 BRO announced the plan to construct 17 road and rail tunnels, with a total length of 100 km (62 mi), on some of the 73 strategic roads on Sino-Indian border to provide the year-round all-weather rail and road surface connectivity. Currently, surface access to high altitude posts on Sino-India border is closed for six months every year due to snowfall and rain, and supplies are through air lift only. Some of these 17 tunnels are already under construction, including Srinagar-Kargil-Leh NH1 in J&K (Zoji La pass tunnel), Leh-Manali Highway in J&K and Himachal Pradesh (Lungalacha La, Bara-lacha la, Tanglang La, Shingo La near Nimo and Rohtang Tunnel), 578 meter Theng Pass tunnel on NH310A between Chungthang and Tung in North Sikkim, Nechipu Pass (near Bomdila) and Sela Pass tunnels on Bogibeel Assam to Sagalee to Tawang NH13 in Arunachal Pradesh. This will reduce the travel time and operational costs, eliminate the risk of avalanche and landslide.^[44][45]

Decorations

Awards attained by BRO personnel between 1960 and 31 January 2020:^[46]

• 23 × Kirti Chakra
• 218 × Shaurya Chakra
• 2 × Bar to Shaurya Chakra
• 2 × Padam Shree
• 16 × Param Vishisht Seva Medals
• 43 × Ati Vishist Seva Medals
• 110 × Vishisht Seva Medals
• 25 × Sena Medals
• 3 × Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak
• 17 × Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak
• 69 × Jeevan Raksha Padak

The President, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, presenting the Shaurya Chakra Award to Mrs. Raji Genesan EX-GS-173840X, Genesan M, BRO (Posthumous) 2007

In 2009, eight Shaurya Chakras, all posthumous, were awarded to BRO personnel for their actions in places such as Afghanistan, Sikkim, the north-east and Jammu and Kashmir.^[47] Bulldozer operator Zalim Singh, Bar to the Shaurya Chakra, was crushed by boulders while clearing a strategic road for Indian Army tanks. Two BRO men working on BRO's Project Zaranj in Afghanistan were killed during a suicide bomb attack on Zaranj-Delaram highway. Engineer Santosh Kumar Singh and driver Jaikrit Singh Rawat, while working on the Kishtwar-Sinthan Pass, died in an ambush. Others died or were killed in places such as Meghalaya, Kailash Mansarovar, Kali River and Hapoli Sarli-Huri road.^[48]

Recognition

In November 2021, BRO received a Guinness World Record for the "highest altitude road" following construction at Umling La.^[49][11]

Gallery

• 
  The Minister of State for Defence in a group photograph during the Chief Engineers Conference, organised by the BRO, 2013
• 
  Union Minister for Defence releasing a Border Roads Organisation (BRO) Coffee table book 'Will of Steel', in New Delhi. NSA also present.
• 
  Director General, Border Roads, Lt Gen Arun Kumar Nanda addressing an Annual Press Conference on the eve of 48th Raising Day of the BRO, 2008
• 
  BRO road signs
• 
  1985 postal stamp

See also

• Indian Army Corps of Engineers
• Trans-Arunachal Highway
• Mago-Thingbu to Vijaynagar Border Road
• Chota Char Dham Railway

References

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26. Standing Committee on Defence (February 2019) Fiftieth Report: Provision of all weather road connectivity under Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and other agencies up to International borders as well as the strategic areas including approach roads- An appraisal. Ministry of Defence, Lok Sabha Secretariat, Government of India. Archived from the original on 19 June 2020.
27. "BRO launches Project Yojak to boost road infrastructure in Himachal Pradesh". The Times of India. 14 January 2022. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
28. Controller General of Defence Accounts (2008). IFA (Border Roads Manual). Ministry of Defence India. pg 12. Accessed on 13 July 2021.
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33. "Work in progress to restore vital border road". Outlook India. New Delhi. 24 October 2005. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
34. Watts, Archit (15 September 2010). "Five weeks after floods, Leh-Manali road opens". The Tribune. Chandigarh, India. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
35. Pubby, Manu (23 January 2009). "India hands over Afghan road, trade can now flow via Iran". The Indian Express. New Delhi. Retrieved 25 September 2010.
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39. Sushant Singh, "China border roads hobbling, 12 years later, 21 of 73 ready", Indian Express, 11 July 2017.
40. "China's Silk Road lends urgency to India's regional ambitions.", The Economic Times, 9 August 2017.
41. India proposes to build road in Bhutan’s ‘Yeti territory’ which China claimed recently, The Economic Times, 15 July 2020.
42. India building bridges in Arunachal for LAC access, The Economic Times, 18 December 2017.
43. Gupta, Shishir (12 October 2020). "54 done, BRO rushes to build 48 bridges that can shoulder T-90 main battle tanks". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
44. "For year-round border security, India plans tunnels on China border.", The Economic Times, 6 November 2017.
45. "Voyants bagged Independent Engineer Services in Arunachal Pradesh"
46. BRO Scroll of Honour and Awards: 1960 to 31 January 2020. Archived on 12 February 2021.
47. "Eight Shaurya Chakras for BRO". The Indian Express. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
48. "BRO bags 8 Shaurya Chakras". India Today. 25 March 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
49. "Indian Army's BRO sets Guinness World Record for world's highest motorable road". Hindustan Times Auto News. 21 November 2021. Archived from the original on 21 November 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.

External links

• Official website