Bontoc language
Northern Luzon language spoken in the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bontoc (Bontok) /bɒnˈtɒk/[2] is a macrolanguage native to the indigenous Bontoc people of the Mountain Province, in the northern part of the Philippines.
Bontoc | |
---|---|
Bontok | |
Native to | Philippines |
Region | Mountain Province |
Native speakers | 41,000 (2007 census)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bnc – inclusive codeIndividual codes: lbk – Central Bontokebk – Eastern Bontokrbk – Northern Bontokobk – Southern Bontokvbk – Southwestern Bontok |
Glottolog | bont1247 |
![]() Area where Bontoc is spoken according to Ethnologue |
Specific languages
Ethnologue reports the following locations for each of the five Bontok languages. Speaker populations from the 2007 census, as quoted in Ethnologue.
Language | Location of speakers | Dialects | No. of speakers | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|
Central Bontok | Bontoc (Bontoc ili, Caluttit, Dalican, Guina-ang, Ma-init, Maligcong, Samoki, and Tocucan) |
|
19,600 | [3] |
Eastern Bontok | Barlig (Barlig, Kadaklan, Lias) |
|
6,170 | [4] |
Northern Bontok | Sadanga (Anabel, Bekigan, Belwang, Betwagan, Demang, Sacasacan, Saclit, and Sadanga Poblacion); Southern Kalinga | 9,700 | [5] | |
Southern Bontok | Bontoc (Talubin, Bayyo, and Can-eo) |
|
2,760 | [6] |
Southwestern Bontok | Bontoc (Alab, Balili, Gonogon, and villages in the Chico River valley, southwest of the municipal capital Bontoc, along Halsema Highway) |
|
2,470 | [7] |
Phonology
Summarize
Perspective
- The archiphoneme /r/ has [l], [ɻ], and [ɺ] as its allophones.[8] The allophone [l] occurs word-initially, adjacent to /i/, as the second member of a consonant cluster consisting of a coronal consonant and /r/, and as the second member of any consonant cluster preceded by /i/. [ɻ] occurs in free variation with [l] word-initially, but otherwise occurs in complementary distribution with it. [ɺ] occurs in free variation with [l] and [ɻ] word-initially, and with [ɻ] elsewhere. These /r/ sounds are even applied to loanwords from Ilokano and Tagalog, and Spanish loanwords from the 2 languages.
- The plosives /t/, /ɡ/, /b/, and /d/ have, respectively, [t̪] (representing an interdental consonant), [kʰ], [f], and [t͡s] as their syllable-initial allophones.[8]
- The voiced stop /b/ also has [b̪] and [v] as its allophones.[8] Both of these allophones occur as the first member of a geminate cluster. They are in free variation.
- The approximant /j/ has one allophone: [ɥ]. [ɥ] occurs after /o/.[8]
/e/ becomes a slightly centralized [e̞] when in a syllable whose coda is /k/.[8] When in the nucleus, /a/ and /o/ are slightly raised and /i/ is lowered.[8]
There are two degrees of stress in Bontoc: primary and secondary. Primary stress is phonemic and secondary stress is predictable. Both types are right-oriented and occur on one of the last three syllables. Stress's effects include higher pitch, louder volume, and lengthening of the syllable nucleus, though these are all subject to certain rules pertaining to word prosody.[8]
Example text
The Lord's Prayer
Ama id chaya machad-ayaw nan ngachanmo. |
Our Father in heaven, |
—Nan Kalin Apo Dios. International Bible Society. 1992. |
References
Further reading
External links
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