Bethylidae

The Bethylidae are a family of aculeate wasps in the superfamily Chrysidoidea. As a family, their biology ranges between parasitoid wasps and hunting wasps.

Bethylidae Temporal range: Barremian–Recent PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N
Sierola gilbertae
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Hymenoptera
Superfamily:	Chrysidoidea
Family:	Bethylidae Förster, 1856
Subgroups
See text

Overview

Like most of the Chrysidoidea, the Bethylidae are stinging Hymenoptera and most are parasitoids. Some of them, however, have developed their parasitoidal biology along predatory lines and they sting and malaxate their victims into paralysis. Then they hide the prey and lay their eggs on them.

Sierola gilbertae dorsal

According to Azevedo et al. (2018) eight subfamilies of the Bethylidae are recognized:^[1][2]

• Pristocerinae
• Epyrinae
• Mesitiinae
• Bethylinae
• Scleroderminae
• †Lancepyrinae
• †Protopristocerinae
• †Holopsenellinae

Genera

According to Azevedo et al. (2018)^[2] there are 96 genera belong to the family Bethylidae. Some are listed here:

• Afrobethylus Ramos & Azevedo ^g
• Afrocera Benoit, 1983 ^g
• Allepyris Kieffer, 1905 ^g
• Allobethylus Kieffer, 1905 ^g
• Anaylax Moczar, 1970 ^g
• Anisepyris Kieffer, 1906 ^{g b}
• Anisobrachium Kieffer, 1905 ^g
• Apenesia Westwood, 1874 ^{g b}
• †Archaeopristocera Terayama, 2004 ^g
• †Archaepyris Evans, 1973 ^g
• Aspidepyris Evans, 1964 ^g
• Ateleopterus Förster, 1856 ^g
• Australomesitius Barbosa & Azevedo ^g
• †Bethylitella Cockerell, 1917 ^g
• Bethylopsis Fouts, 1939 ^g
• †Bethylopteron Brues, 1933 ^g
• Bethylus Latreille, 1802 ^{g b}
• Caloapenesia Terayama, 1995 ^g
• Calobrachium Gobbi & Azevedo, 2016 ^g
• Calyozina Enderlein, 1912 ^g
• †Celonophamia Evans, 1973 ^g
• Cephalonomia Westwood, 1833 ^{i c g b}
• Chilepyris Evans, 1964 ^{c g}
• Clytrovorus Nagy, 1972 ^g
• Codorcas Nagy, 1972 ^g
• †Cretabythus Evans, 1973 ^g
• †Cretepyris Ortega-Blanco & Engel, 2013 ^g
• †Cretobethylellus Rasnitsyn, 1990 ^g
• Dissomphalus Ashmead, 1893 ^{g b}
• †Elektroepyris Perrichot & Nel, 2008 ^g
• Epyris Westwood, 1832^{[3] g b}
• Eupsenella Westwood, 1874 ^{g b}
• Foenobethylus Kieffer, 1913 ^g
• Formosiepyris Terayama, 2004 ^g
• Glenosema Kieffer, 1905 ^g
• Goniozus Förster, 1856 ^{c g b}
• Heterocoelia Dahlbom, 1854 ^g
• Holepyris Kieffer, 1904 ^{g b}
• Israelius Richards, 1952 ^g
• Itapayos Argaman, 2003 ^g
• Laelius Ashmead, 1893 ^{g b}
• †Lancepyris Azevedo & Azar, 2012 ^g
• Lithobiocerus Bridwell, 1919 ^g
• †Liztor Ortega-Blanco & Engel, 2013 ^g
• Lytopsenella Kieffer, 1911 ^g
• Megaprosternum Azevedo, 2006 ^g
• Mesitius Spinola, 1851 ^g
• Metrionotus Moczar, 1970 ^g
• Moczariella Barbosa & Azevedo, 2014 ^g
• Odontepyris Kieffer, 1904 ^g
• †Parapristocera Brues, 1933 ^g
• Pararhabdepyris Gorbatovsky, 1995 ^g
• Parascleroderma Kieffer, 1904 ^g
• Pilomesitius Moczar, 1970 ^g
• Plastanoxus Kieffer, 1905 ^g
• Pristocera Klug, 1808 ^{g b}
• Pristepyris Kieffer, 1905 ^{g b}
• Prorops Waterston, 1923 ^g
• Prosierola Kieffer, 1905 ^g
• †Protopristocera Brues, 1923 ^g
• Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904 ^{g b}
• Psilobethylus Kieffer, 1906 ^g
• Pycnomesitius Moczar, 1971 ^g
• Rhabdepyris Kieffer, 1904 ^g
• Sclerodermus Latreille, 1809 ^{g b}
• Sierola Cameron, 1881 ^g
• Sulcomesitius Moczar, 1970 ^g
• Trichiscus Benoit, 1956 ^g
• Tuberepyris Lanes & Azevedo, 2008 ^g
• Zimankos Argaman, 2003 ^g

Data sources: i = ITIS,^[4] c = Catalogue of Life,^[5] g = GBIF,^[6] b = Bugguide.net^[7]

Evolution

The oldest known records of the group are from the Barremian aged Lebanese amber.^[8][9]

Sclerodermus

References

1. Alencar, I.D.; Azevedo, C.O. (2013). "Reclassification of Epyrini (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae): a tribal approach with commentary on their genera". Systematic Entomology. 38 (1): 45–80. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2012.00648.x. S2CID 84529518.
   Azevedo, C.O.; Azar, D. (2012). "A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position". Zoologia (Curitiba). 29 (3): 210–8. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702012000300004.
2. Azevedo, Celso O.; Alencar, Isabel D.C.C.; Ramos, Magno S.; Barbosa, Diego N.; Colombo, Wesley D.; Vargas, Juan M. R.; Lim, Jongok (2018-10-01). "Global guide of the flat wasps (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae)". Zootaxa. 4489 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4489.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
4. "Bethylidae Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
5. "Browse Bethylidae". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-05-06.^{[permanent dead link‍]}
6. "Bethylidae". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
7. "Bethylidae Family Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-05-06.
8. M. S. Engel, J. Ortega-Blanco, and C. O. Ozevedo. 2016. A new bethylid wasp in Lebanese Early Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), with comments on other Mesozoic taxa. American Museum Novitates 3855:1-14
9. Azevedo, Celso O.; Azar, Dany (June 2012). "A new fossil subfamily of Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber and its phylogenetic position". Zoologia (Curitiba). 29 (3): 210–218. doi:10.1590/s1984-46702012000300004. ISSN 1984-4689.