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Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco (4 August 1713 – 4[1] or 11[2] April 1785) was "perhaps the most prolific and important cartographer of New Spain"[3] as well as an artist, particularly as a Santero (wood-carver of religious images).[4] He has been called a polymath, being "proficient in astronomy, cartography, mathematics, geography, geology, geometry, military tactics, commerce, husbandry, oenology, metallurgy, languages, iconology, iconography, liturgy, painting, sculpture and drawing."[5]
Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco | |
|---|---|
| Born | Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco 4 August 1713 |
| Died | April 1785 (aged 71) |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Occupation | cartographer |
| Children | 2 sons |
| Signature | |
 | |
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Miera was born in the Valle de Carriedo of Cantabria,[2] Spain. The son of a captain of the Cantabrian Cavalry, he was trained as a military engineer.[2]
Like many others, he emigrated to New Spain (in North and Central America). On 20 May 1741, he married Maria Estefania Domínguez de Mendoza in Chihuahua.[2] They had two sons, Anacléto (Cléto) and Manuel.[2] In 1743, the family settled in El Paso.[6]
A man of many talents, he was variously a merchant, a debt collector, a rancher and a military officer.[4] In the latter capacity, he served in five military campaigns.[3] In 1747, Captain Miera led a military detachment accompanying Padre Juan Menchero on the latter's attempt to convert the Navajo and resettle them around Mount Taylor[3] (formerly Ceboletta[2]).
Though Menchero was unsuccessful, Miera produced the first map of the territory they traversed.[2] In 1749, he mapped the Rio Grande from El Paso downstream to its junction with the Rio Conchos.[2][4]
He was also a painter and carver. Some of his works survive in churches and museums; the Church of Cristo Rey in Santa Fe has "his masterpiece, the Castrense altar screen".[4]
In 1754[4] or 1756,[6] he moved his family to Santa Fe. He was appointed alcalde of the pueblos of Pecos and Galisteo[2][3] and participated in three campaigns against the Comanches.[6]
When the Viceroy of New Spain ordered his northern governors to produce maps of their territories,[6] Francisco Antonio Marín del Valle, Governor and Captain General of New Mexico, turned to Miera.[2][3][6] They went out into the field on this endeavor from late June to 1 December 1757.[6] The influential map was completed by April 1758.[3][6] Miera went on to make at least two other maps for Marín.[6]
Miera was granted a league of land (about 4428 acres or 1792 hectares) around Ceboletta, which was subsequently reduced to 4107 acres or 1662 hectares.[2]
He also served as cartographer for the 1776 Domínguez–Escalante expedition. Miera was often at odds with the other leaders of the group, and was also frequently ill.[1] The expedition failed in its goal of finding a route north to Monterey, but Miera produced maps that were invaluable to subsequent explorers.[2]
In 1779, Miera accompanied Governor of New Mexico Juan Bautista de Anza on a punitive expedition against the Comanches, who had been raiding Taos.[2] As a result, he drew perhaps his last map, covering an area centered on the Rio Grande from Santa Fe up to the Arkansas River.[2]
On 4 or 11 April 1785, Bernardo de Miera y Pacheco died in Santa Fe.[2] His wife, Estefania, had died less than a year and a half earlier, also in Santa Fe.[1]
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His maps were examined by Alexander von Humboldt in 1803 to help prepare his own maps.[2] Humboldt in turn shared the information with American President Thomas Jefferson a year later, and Miera's work was copied by American mapmakers.[2] The original of his 1758 map disappeared some time after 1930 in Mexico City, but a copy was made in the 1970s from photographs of it.[1]
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