Battle of the Orontes

The Battle of the Orontes was fought on 15 September 994 between the Byzantines and their Hamdanid allies under Michael Bourtzes against the forces of the Fatimid vizier of Damascus, the Turkish general Manjutakin. The battle was a Fatimid victory.^[1]

Battle of the Orontes
Part of the Arab–Byzantine wars
Map of the Arab–Byzantine frontier zone
Date 15 September 994 Location Orontes River (Syria) Result Fatimid victory
Belligerents
Byzantine Empire Hamdanids	Fatimid Caliphate
Commanders and leaders
Michael Bourtzes	Manjutakin
Casualties and losses
At least 5,000	Unknown

Background

In the 990s, the Byzantine Empire and the Fatimids were involved in a war in Syria, which also involved the Byzantine vassal state of Aleppo, controlled by the Hamdanid dynasty. In 993/994, the Fatimid governor of Damascus, the Turkish general Manjutakin, besieged Apamea, and Bourtzes, the Byzantine doux of Antioch, came forth to relieve the city.

Battle

The two armies met across two fords on the Orontes River near Apamea on 15 September 994. Manjutakin sent his forces to attack the Byzantines' Hamdanid allies across one ford while pinning the main Byzantine force down on the other with his Turks and mercenary units.^[2] His men succeeded in breaking through the Hamdanids, turned round and attacked the Byzantine force in the rear. The Byzantine army panicked and fled, losing some 5,000 men in the process.^[3]

Aftermath

Shortly after the battle, the Fatimid caliphate took control of Syria, removing the Hamdanids from power they had held since 890.^[1] Manjutakin went on to capture Azaz and continued his siege of Aleppo.^[2]

This defeat led to the direct intervention of Byzantine emperor Basil II in a lightning campaign the next year,^[4] and Bourtzes' dismissal from his post and his replacement by Damian Dalassenos. Basil's sudden arrival and the exaggeration of his army's strength circulating in the Fatimid camp caused panic in the Fatimid army, especially because Manjutakin, expecting no threat, had ordered his cavalry horses to be dispersed around the city for pasture. Despite having a considerably larger and well-rested army, Manjutakin was at a disadvantage. He burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without battle.^[5] The Byzantines besieged Tripoli unsuccessfully and occupied Tartus, which they refortified and garrisoned with Armenian troops.

References

1. Melton 2014, p. 256
2. Trombley 1997, pp. 269–270
3. Trombley 1997, p. 440f
4. Holmes 2005, pp. 346–347
5. Scylitzes 2010, p. 322

Sources

• Trombley, Frank (1997), "The Taktika of Nikephoros Ouranos and Military Encyclopaedism", in Binkley, Peter (ed.), Pre-modern encyclopaedic texts: proceedings of the second COMERS Congress, Groningen, 1–4 July 1996, Brill, pp. 269–270, ISBN 978-90-04-10830-1.
• Melton, J. Gordon (2014). Faiths across time : 5,000 years of religious history. Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 978-1-61069-025-6. OCLC 869548511.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Holmes, Catherine (2005). Basil II and the governance of Empire (976–1025). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-153550-5. OCLC 77175413.
• Scylitzes, John (2010). A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811–1057. John Wortley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-511-85853-6. OCLC 694342139.

35°15′N 36°35′E