Battle of the Litani River

The Battle of the Litani River (9 June 1941) took place on the advance to Beirut during the Syria-Lebanon campaign of the Second World War. The Australian 7th Division, commanded by Major-General John Lavarack, crossed the Litani River and later clashed with Vichy French troops.

Battle of Litani River
Part of the Syria-Lebanon Campaign of World War II
Australian forces bridging the Litani River near Marjayoun
Date 9 June 1941 Location French Lebanon Result Allied victory
Belligerents
Australia 7th Division 21st Brigade  United Kingdom No. 11 Scottish Commando	Vichy France French Lebanon
Commanders and leaders
John Lavarack Geoffrey Keyes Paddy Mayne

Battle

During the first hour of 8 June 1941, as part of Operation Exporter, Australian forces in northern Palestine crossed the border into southern Lebanon. Initial resistance from Vichy forces south of the Litani River was scattered and generally disorganised.^[1]

The 21st Australian Brigade advanced along the coast road heading for Beirut and attempted to cross the Litani River. A surprise night time landing by the British No. 11 (Scottish) Commando, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Richard Pedder (Highland Light Infantry), was attempted in order to seize the bridge near the mouth of the river, but was delayed by rough seas on the proposed landing beach. This gave the Vichy French defenders enough time to destroy the bridge. When the commandos eventually landed in daylight, in three separate places, the initial landing was almost unopposed due to the defenders being in combat against the Australian troops,^[2] subsequently in the fighting they took heavy casualties, among them Pedder, who was killed in an assault on the French barracks. He was succeeded in command by Geoffrey Keyes, whose party was ultimately able to secure the crossing by getting over the river in canvas boats with the help of some of the Australian troops.^[3]

A Vichy counterattack using armoured cars was driven off. A pontoon bridge was quickly completed.^[2] The Australians came under inaccurate fire from two Vichy French destroyers, the Guépard and the Valmy. Australian artillery had to drive off the warships which had come close inshore to shell the advancing troops.^[4]

Aftermath

Following the fighting around the Litani, the 21st Brigade advanced north towards Tyre, as part of the wider move towards Beirut. From Tyre, several minor actions were fought as part of the drive to capture Sidon, which fell on 13 June. Further inland, on the 21st Brigade's right flank, the 25th Brigade advanced towards Merdjayoun, which was temporarily secured on 11 June. A small force from the 25th was subsequently left to hold Merdjayoun, while the remainder was sent north to capture Jezzine, which also fell on 13 June. However, on 15 June, a heavy counterattack fell on Merdjayoun, and heavy fighting followed until 27 June.^[5][6]

See also

• Layforce

Notes

1. Long 1953, p. 346.
2. Macpherson 2012, pp. 58–62.
3. Long 1953, pp. 360–361.
4. Long 1953, p. 363.
5. Coulthard-Clark 1998, pp. 190–192.
6. Dennis et al 1995, p. 578.

References

• Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86448-611-2.
• Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin (1995). The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-553227-9.
• Long, Gavin (1953). "Chapters 16 to 26". Greece, Crete and Syria. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. II (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
• Macpherson, Sir Tommy (2012). Behind Enemy Lines. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. ISBN 978-1845967086.